We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. b. conformity Impact. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. (Extremes). Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. d. sensory cortex. Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. b. the bystander effect. They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). c. outgroup bias. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. Ethnocentrism is the term that denotes this kind of behavior. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. a. deindividuation. Early. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. to have power or mastery over. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . University of Houston. . She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. d. the fundamental attribution error. This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? b. less; more They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? a. ingroup bias. B) b. egocentrism.c. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. . The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. What does the term multicultural mean? What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. Altemeyer, B. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. The firm does the following: b. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? ppp and mmm, and check their signs. b. self-worth. They are motivated by . these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of: Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to favor one's own group is called: Selected Answer: Response Feedback: ingroup bias. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. Psychology questions and answers. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. Psychology. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. Model: Je vais visiter\ldots Je vais voir\ldots Je vais (faire)\ldots, Search words: myswitzerland.com: une histoire d'eau Groupthink: . The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Expert Answer. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. b. hypothalamus Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. Other-race Effect: Definition. Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by, Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. Sons are more valued than daughters. Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. Make a truth table for the below given statement. It turns out, however, that peoples reaction time on the IAT predicts actual feelings about out-group members, decisions about them, and behavior towardthem, especially nonverbal behavior (Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. Researchers suggested three possible reasons that why watching TV is negatively linked to children's achievement. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. c. romantic love maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. The tenency to favor our own group: Term. (Blame the Victim). The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: jamie watson voice actor; is matt manning related to peyton manning; men's patchwork jeans; Published by on 17. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. ethnocentric. Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. . View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. self-fulfilling. The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. b. physical attractiveness. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. d. deindividuation. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. (tn dn si) n., pl. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. Draw a circle graph with this information. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. What is faithful representation, and why is it important. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). c. social facilitation. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: b. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. Table 12.2 The Collective Self-Esteem Scale. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. For example, by crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures. It pays the utility bill during July. For example, ethnic Asians living in the United States are commonly referred to as the model minority because of their perceived success in areas such as education, income, and social stability. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. 97 terms. They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. : Men are more intelligent. Take the IAT. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). attitude. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. According to Gallup's polling . We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. . The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). a. cognitive dissonance. Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. bias. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search?