Located on the south side of Chicago, Bronzeville became an established neighborhood around the turn of the twentieth century. The Near North Sides Cabrini-Green complex at one time had 3,606 apartments. The comments about the photo at Division and Crosby are confirmed by the street sign at left showing that street to be Burling Street. 12. I wish they could just appreciate from afar without taking and still destroying everything in their way. The suburban bus company had two routes into Englewood one north along Western, then east on 63rd (this was the Harvey bus), the other north along Halsted St. from the south (this was the Chicago Heights bus). . (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7039 is at Western and 71st on August 12, 1955. #1 Looking south on State Street, 1964 6 Points Upvote Downvote * #2 Randolph Street theaters, 1967 5 Points Upvote Downvote 4:35 August 27, 1954 2008- University of Michigan launch a study Moving Towards Opportunity. This picture was taken from the eastbound platform of the Englewood L station spanning Halsted St. At that time, Halsted was still a very busy business district; in fact, I read somewhere that Englewood was the busiest business district outside the Loop. Type in the name of your neighborhood or select one from the list below. Many of the photos show the same area from a number of different angles, giving a snapshot early transportation worked and everyday life through a look at businesses, fashion, architecture and more. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4227 is on the turnback loop at Clark and Howard, the north end of Route 22. Notice the Yellow cabs waiting for L passengers. 5:02 Streamliner #300, northward from Edwardsville, February 14, 1955 A man walks down Clark Street in Chicago in 1940. With maybe at least a few St.Louis-built cars being included in some of those orders; the Pullman cars were largely gone from the streets by the end of 1955. The first order to build rapid transit cars from PCC streetcars was in June 1953 for 150 cars; followed by a 100 car order in Feb. 1954, a 20 car order in Dec. 1954, an 80 car order in June 1955 and a 50 car order in Dec. 1955. Photos depict intersections, streets, bridges, snow removal and other traffic features in the city, mainly along major streets. So the suburban bus line went as far as 63rd Place and Halsted (next to the L station). South Side Chicago Chicago School Al Capone Al Capone's Chicago home, old Prairie avenue home, 7244 South Prairie Avenue. Title Building Chicagos Subways https://thetrolleydodger.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pic512.jpg These housing projects, as they became known, are represented by orange dots on the interactive map. https://chicagology.com/wp-content/themes/revolution-20/century/194063rdhalsted.jpg. Martee Kelso Lost Stores in Chicago Chicago Loop Evanston Illinois Chicago Christmas Sears Tower KROCH'S & BRENTANO'S Chicago Street Clark Street Chicago Art Street Art Old Town Art Fair Colors Close to a third of Chicago neighborhoods were given a D grade and marked red on a mapthus, redlined. These areas, all of which were predominantly Black communities, were deemed undesirable, and residents from these neighborhoods were usually denied bank loans and insurance, severely limiting their housing prospects and mobility. Photo 530 is at the south end of the Vincennes Ave. private right-of-way segment at the 10800 block of Vincennes (108th St. did not go through to Vincennes, there were no intersections along Vincennes between 107th St. and 109th St.). (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 6154 is southbound at Halsted and Congress on October 5, 1953. The DNAinfo archives brought to you by WNYC.Read the press release here. Chicago South Side 1940s-1950s - Untitled During the 1940s & 50s During the 1940s and 50s, the South Side of Chicago, was the creatively teeming area called Bronzeville This was the home to poet Gwendolyn Brooks, playwright Richard Wright and dancer Katherine Dunham, and a lot more. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 6142 at Clark and Archer on November 9, 1953, running Route 42 Halsted Downtown. Also, its wonderful to see all the old advertising signs on the street cars and the buildings. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 5248 at Vincennes and 105th on November 27, 1949. 10. Will Guy Fieri Cook The Bean Before It's Windexed? The expressway was originally designed to run through Bridgeport, then Mayor Daleys neighborhood, but the development was moved eight blocks to the east, installing a multi-lane barrier between Bridgeport and the Black Belt, literally cementing the segregation of Black and white communities. Fuller Park is one of the worst neighborhoods in the city by almost every metric. Fuller Park is the Chicago neighborhood which experienced the largest decline in population over the sixty years from the citys peak population in 1950 to 2010; its population declined precipitously from 17,000 in 1950 to under 3,000 . 03. ?etc The only way to get there (still with usable tracks and live trolley wires) was along 69th St. to Wentworth (200 W.), south to 73rd St. at Vincennes, then southwest on Vincennes to the barn at 77th. Keep up the excellent effort. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA PCC 7057, a product of the St. Louis Car Company, is at Waveland and Halsted, the north end of Route 8. The New York Times - August 2, 1964. Note that the platforms have been moved to the east and no longer extend over Halsted St. Why does every recent description and photo caption of the segment of the Cottage Grove line south of 95th St. talk about it paralleling the Metra Electric? (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4096 is westbound on Madison, crossing over the Chicago River. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4373 is on Western near the Douglas Park L on October 5, 1953. Jacqueline Serrato is the Weeklys editor-in-chief. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4408 on Western at 66th on July 16, 1951. According to 2009 American Community Survey data, of Chicago's 77 community areas, 68 are home to a population of which at least 50 percent identify with a single racial group. Greg Nye. The date is June 16, 1954. 02. Chicago Skyline Downtown Chicago Chicago Restaurants Chicago Illinois Chicago Area Chicago City White Castle Restaurant White Castle Hamburgers South Side Chicago https://thetrolleydodger.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pic535.jpg The Watch for Reopening sign in the window, visible just above the newsstand in the Humboldt Park L photo, makes me think this was taken in early 1954. 01. Seen as one of the most massive internal movements in United States history, it was an era that sparked the Harlem Renaissance . Tom. Puerto Rican people are the second-largest Latinx group in Chicago. Total time (3 discs) 215:03. The YMCA Hotel, seen in the background, opened in 1916 and closed in 1979. Chicago in the 1950s - The Trolley Dodger Chicago in the 1950s October 29, 2019 15 Comments You would be forgiven for not recognizing this location, but that's the Western Avenue station on the Humboldt Park "L", just north of North Avenue. Those canopies were short-lived after the end of streetcar service, as buses eventually ran into them. Chicago's South Side April 1941: Life In 'The Black Belt' In April 1941, Russell Lee and Edwin Rosskam arrived in Chicago, Illinois. Chicagos position as the hub of a vast railroad system enabled a bustling industrial economy that was teeming with job opportunities in its stockyards, factories, and steel mills. Total time: 74:02 (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA prewar PCC 4039 is at Cottage Grove and 115th, south end of Route 4. They were in various neighborhood, suburbs. 06. The CTA Pink Line runs there now, although there arent any stations on this segment. Wandering the streets of the 'Black Belt.' 1941. Open in Google Maps. 4:45 Car 5727, January 16, 1954 06. 1950s The Neighbourhood Siding Universe T Tom Dudones My Chicago - I grew up on the South Side in the 1950s & sixties. Niagara, St. Catharines & Toronto: (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA prewar PCC 4008 is at Cottage Grove and 115th, south end of Route 4. Despite the Citys first settler, Jean-Baptiste Point DuSable, being of Haitian descent, Chicagos infamous segregation is still intact, and it joins a list of large cities with similar rates of racial polarization, such as Cleveland, Newark, Philadelphia, and Houston. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4373 and others at the Western and 79th loop on November 23, 1952. 04. 4:56 Car 5706, January 16, 1954 06. First, a nit: I think this picture is at 107th rather than 105th. 17. First, they were all taken in Chicago during the 1950s. Despite the simplicity of Chicagos famous grid system, designed for flat land and seemingly equitable on a map, residents of Chicago have never been equally dispersed or had the same freedom of movement and belonging. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7227 is on Western at Bross on October 15, 1954. In the 1940s and 1950s, and even into the 1960s, tiki bars popped up all over the United States, including in Chicago, as people . They were simultaneously subject to predatory practices such as contract selling, in which realtors would deceive buyers into signing contracts to buy marked-up houses on installment with high interest rates and no guarantee of title. Some southbound They were concentrated in the Lincoln Park neighborhood on the North Side and are credited for pioneering the fight against displacement due to gentrification spurred by the expanding DePaul University campusa fight they lost. Native American tribesthe Potawatomi, Odawa, Sauk, Ojibwe, Illinois, Kickapoo, Miami, Mascouten, Wea, Delaware, Winnebago, Menominee, and Mesquakiewere forced out of what is now Chicago by early French and British settlers. It is very unlikely that he will ever be able to recoup his investment, but we support his efforts at preserving this important history, and sharing it with railfans everywhere. This story was produced for WTTWS FIRSTHAND: SEGREGATION, an award-winning FIRSTHAND multiplatform, multi-year initiative focusing on the firsthand perspectives of people facing critical issues in Chicago. 4:00 Master Unit car #74, August 8, 1953 (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA PCC 4262 is on 77th, by the car barn at 77th and Vincennes. Cincinnati Street Railway: Shameless fans, you are welcome to come inside the gate and take pictures on the porch, a sign in front of the house reads. Chicago's South Side. st jerome croatian catholic church - celebtates 104th year. So, where is the Shameless house located? Greektown, the south side's Chinatown, South Asians on Devon Street, Pilsen's Mexican Americans, and the Polish Triangle are just a handful of the vibrant communities in Chicago - famously. Altoona & Logan Valley/Johnstown Traction: But by then, the Pullman PCCs were systematically being retired and shipped to St. Louis, where they were scrapped and parts were reused in rapid transit cars. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7253 is on Western at Leland (by the Ravenswood L, now the Brown Line) on June 10, 1956. One comment, the photo of CTA 687 is at Division and Crosby, not Larrabee. 5:20 #80, October 1954 Although the show is set in Chicagos Back of the Yards neighborhood, the house used for filming is actually located in the citys North Lawndale neighborhood. Racially restrictive covenants were also common in the Chicago area, as in the rest of the country. St. Louis Public Service: When I got to Western they ended and I recall seeing a few feet of track bent down from the last support. Wayne Miller Three Teenagers in a Kitchenette Apartment, from the "Chicago's South Side" Series c.1946 Wayne Miller, Magnum Photography Great 1918-2013 Ave atque Vale. https://thetrolleydodger.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pic530.jpg Black families in Chicago lost between $3 billion and $4 billion in wealth because of predatory housing contracts during the 1950s and 1960s, according to a new report released Thursday. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA PCC 4201, operating on Route 36 Broadway-State, has apparently been diverted from State Street, possibly due to a parade, and is northbound on Dearborn at Lake Street. The "new" green streetcars - replaced the old, wooden-seat red ones. You can also see trolley bus wires, used on North Avenue. All copies purchased through The Trolley Dodger will be signed by the author. Cheryl Johnson and Peggy Salazar, lifelong residents of Chicago's South Side, grew up in some of the city's most polluted neighborhoods, in the shadow of dirty industries, including steel. Yusay beer stands out on a lot of the photos. Copyright 2009-2018, New York Public Radio. Publisher Arcadia Publishing (SC), 2018 Amazing! (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7239 is on Western at the Douglas Park L on November 11, 1955. For more neighborhood news, listen to DNAinfo Radio here. Many immigrants were fleeing poverty and war, with many others coming to Chicago in pursuit of economic prosperity. Make No Little Plans (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4102, a Pullman PCC, is heading west at about 500 W. Madison, operating on the Madison-Fifth branch of Route 20. At this time, the temporary Van Buren trackage was still under construction, and this picture was taken from the Garfield Park L station, then still in use. Up until the 1940s, Black residents were confined to this corridor, better known as the Black Belt, which ran along State Street roughly between Roosevelt Road (12th Street) and 79th Street. Subways and Superhighways This is our 241st post, and we are gradually creating a body of work and an online resource for the benefit of all railfans, everywhere. White Flight, which I titled "Midnight Flight: One family's experience of White Flight and the racial transformation of Chicago's South Side (an online novel)" which you can read here for free . Properties covered include: (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7157 is northbound on Western at 67th on June 15, 1955. It is such a same they did not have the foresight to keep these lines going. If youre ever in the neighborhood, the TV house is located at 2119 South Homan Ave, Chicago, IL, 60623. Baltimore Transit: The Trolley Dodger On the Air Western/Berwyn canopies lasted a long time, into late 80s, before they rusted off at the ground! Altoona & Logan Valley: Buses terminate at the nearby Howard L station. CHICAGO, Saturday, August 1, 1964 Four bombings this week raised to 46 the number of bomb or arson attacks on Chicago area businesses in the last 18 months. The postwar relocation of urban whites, known as white flight, was facilitated by the new expressways that connected them to the developing suburbs west of the city limits, where Black, Latinx, and the growing Asian population were kept out. . Immigrants typically lived in inadequate housing near railroads and industryin bunk houses, boxcars, and section houses. Seen in March of 1985 prior to demolition. Streetcars were on rails, so they could maintain such clearances. At this stage, it appears the Western Avenue bridge over the Congress Expressway was not yet finished, as the streetcar (and auto traffic) are using a shoo-fly. By 1960 there were 32,371 Puerto Rican residents in Chicago, a number that more than doubled within a decade. African Americans were also denied access to white areas by means less violent, but no less destructive. The stores from left to right are: S S Kresge, on the southwest corner; The Ace department store on the northwest corner; and Sears Roebuck, the huge building on the northeast corner (with a Hillmans grocery in the basement). Building Chicagos Subways is in stock and now available for immediate shipment. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA PCC 4108 is westbound on Madison at the Chicago River, running on the Madison-Fifth branch of Route 20. What is the South Side of Chicago called? From 1915 to 1960, more than 5 million African Americans moved from the rural South to the North in a phenomena called the Great Migration. My Auntie Stell and her co-workers, Chicago. 1454 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60605. I always knew about racism growing up in the 70s, recall seeing the hippies in Old town. Located in what used to a Buick showroom, it features a large taproom with a BYOF policy that encourages delivery. The South Side is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Geographically, it is the largest of the three sections of the city, with the other two being the North Side and the West Side.It radiates and lies south of the city's downtown area, the Chicago Loop.. Much of the South Side came from the city's annexation of townships such as Hyde Park. Beneath this L platform, along 63rd Place, were streetcar tracks for Halsted cars that ended at 63rd St., as well as curb space for the two suburban bus companies, South Suburban Safeway Lines and Suburban Transit System. A cropped version of this photo ran in one of our earlier posts, but this was scanned from the original negative. Black residents did not enjoy the same geographic freedom. Subways Since 1960 Late 1950s. Children listen attentively at Hollstein School in 1952. After returning from World War II, American service members brought back memories and souvenirs from the South Pacific. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA prewar PCC 4008 is southbound on Wabash at about 900 South. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4004 is on Western at 26th on June 7, 1956. Look at the bottom of the photo. 7113 crossing back to the right-hand track would have involved the same procedure unless there was a common, wired, trailing crossover a couple of blocks further. On the northeast corner, the 1933 art deco Sears store building with its tenant, the Hillmans Pure Foods grocery store are partially obscured by the Arthur Murray sign and the one in back of it. All Rights Reserved. Public housing was intended to house a mix of working-class and poor families and was welcomed and enjoyed by new residents, according to early testimonies. An Irish mainstay, Kelly's is one of the oldest family-owned pubs in Chicago, opening just after Prohibition was repealed and the alcohol flowed freely again. 17:34 Car #172, February 20, 1954 as broadcast on WJEJ, February 21, 1954, with host Carroll James, Sr. The discriminatory practice known as redlining was a color-coded classification system implemented by the Federal Housing Administration that determined the value of housing based on the racial demographics of a neighborhood. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7189 is passing through an area where tracks are being worked on at Western and Cermak on October 15, 1954. A bit of detail on photos (pic571.jpg & pic572.jpg) at 71st & Western, the temporary facing crossover was installed without a corresponding crossover overhead wire. These segregated communities maintained a tense coexistence until 1919, when racist white hostility bubbled over. 1950. Two things in this picture: Chicago's South Side in black & white May 12, 2016 SJNN By Alden Loury Looking West down 79th Street at Western Ave, Chicago, IL. This view is looking south along Western at 71st St. Here are some shots around Illinois during the 1950s. Not quite CSL sold it in 1920s, but amazingly close! Rockwell is 2600 West. A wooden Garfield Park L train is nearby, on temporary trackage. 09. 2. A more detailed 1950s map showcases crowded clusters of Irish, Italian, and smaller ethnic groups establishing new communities across the city. Total time 73:14 Our friend Kenneth Gear recently acquired the original Railroad Record Club master tapes. Wonderful shots as usual. The Civic Opera House is to the left. 09. We look forward to hearing from you. The River Tunnels Chicago Southside 1950's 95 square miles of the 228 square miles were considered the "south side". From the Original Master Tapes Beautiful Vintage Postcards of Chicago's Restaurants from the 1950s and 1960s. 1960. They turned east on 63rd to Union Ave. (700 W.), then south to 63rd Place, then west to alongside (south of) the Halsted L station, then back north on Halsted. 3. This move included the expansion of popular music styles, bringing jazz to Chicago and the rest of the country. Capital Transit: (Wien-Criss Archive), Riverview Park at Western and Roscoe on June 10, 1956. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4028 is on Western at 27th on November 20, 1955. This picture is the reverse direction, looking north from the westbound platform of the Englewood L at Halsted. 80 years since subway construction started (December 17, 1938) Riverdale. And this photo is at 69th and Western, showing a northbound Western car turning east on 69th to head to the 77th St. barn. (David Sadowski Photo). Redone tile at the Monroe and Dearborn CTA Blue Line subway station, showing how an original sign was incorporated into a newer design, May 25, 2018. Another 537 were injured, more than half of whom were Black. Chapter Titles: This northeast corner was originally occupied by the long defunct Becker-Ryan Dept. There were 28 buildings which was originally housed for 11,000 residents but soon became over 27,000- Population Crisis While in the South Side Chicago hoods along 83rd, 87th, and 95th streets the Black P. Stones have had a dominant presence since the 1970s. In the background, you can see the large Chicago Bridge and Iron Works, which fronted on the north side of 107th St. . But when industrial employment dried up in the 1950s and '60s, it descended into poverty and crime. Chicago, Illinois, December 17, 1938 Secretary Harold Ickes, left, and Mayor Edward J. Kelly turn the first spadeful of earth to start the new $40,000,000 subway project. The plan was ostensibly intended to decentralize Black poverty and relocate residents to mixed-income housing in integrated neighborhoods. In order to continue giving you the kinds of historic railroad images that you have come to expect from The Trolley Dodger, we need your help and support. Another clue that helps pinpoint the date is the light lettering on dark background seen on license plates in this image. After that, the streetcars had to use the 77th and Vincennes barn. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7038 is on Western at Van Buren on June 11, 1956. (Wien-Criss Archive), PCC meets PCC in this famous Bill Hoffman photo, showing CTA PCC streetcar 4373 on Western Avenue, while a Garfield Park L train crosses on Van Buren temporary trackage. 5,034 1950s Chicago Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 5,034 1950s Chicago Premium High Res Photos Browse 5,034 1950s chicago stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. This pattern ran from 107th St. north to the Rock Island suburban line viaduct at 89th St., at which point the streetcar tracks rejoined Vincennes Ave. to go under the viaduct. Englewood Hospital that served the South Side of Chicago for nearly a hundred years was founded in 1894 as Englewood Union Hospital and was located at 426 West 69th Street. Author David Sadowski During the 1950s many residents called the northeast . In the early years of the twentieth century, Chicago was the fastest-growing city in the U.S. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 640 is running under the L on Halsted at 63rd Place on May 25, 1954. Residents enjoy close access to several major shopping destinations, particularly the 87th Street Center and the diverse selection of shops and restaurants . https://thetrolleydodger.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pic558.jpg The other bus company running from the south suburbs into Englewood was the Suburban Transit System, which ran primarily east and west along 95th St. out to Oak Lawn and beyond. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 7160, viewed from the Douglas Park L (todays Pink Line), is operating on Western at 21st on June 15, 1955. By 1928, there were at least six Mexican settlements parallel to Lake Michigan that were referred to as colonias. (Really! After its peak in the 1950s, a variety of changes influenced the direction the Outfit took. #534 looks south on Halsted from the (A line) L station, note the curved pull-offs of the overhead which is well defined along with the curves corresponding track which converges into the south bound track in view #536. If there was one impresario of the South Side during that period, it was Johnny Robinson, also known as Johnny Pepper, who operated three successive clubs from the late 1950s through the early . These were stipulations written into deeds of sale that prohibited Black residents and non-whites from buying, leasing, or inhabiting property in a determined parcel. Railroad Record Club North Shore Line Rarities 1955-1963 Over the last century, an array of political and cultural forces have created clear lines of division between racial groups. #535 looks north on Halsted from the L station, this was the main crossroads of the Englewood shopping district. This segment focuses on the Chicago Outfit during the period after Prohibition. Looks like between 1950 & 55 Burke Desoto/Plymouth became Burke Ford. The city, which had been 85.9 percent white in 1950 and 76.4 percent in 1960, saw that proportion fall to 65.6 percent in 1970 and 49.6 percent in 1980. In the 1960s, for instance, the advent of "free love" took a significant bite out of the . The expressway was originally called the South Route. In the background, you can see the viaduct which is now part of the 606 Trail. But this must be a reroute, since it is definitely after 1949 (the car has advertising on the side) and its running Route 36 Broadway-State. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 687 is at Division and Larrabee on May 17, 1954. 4. The light green paint originally used on these cars faded badly and was hard to match. All rights reserved.. Espaol: Gua de recursos COVID-19 en el sur de Chicago, The Geography of Fear: Policing a Segregated Chicago. I would always give my out of town Chicago racist tour: Take kedzie ave towards Humboldt Park -puertoricans, keep going south African Americans than come Mexicans,turn by Taylor you got Italians,get on Devon ave to see Indian community, Lincoln -Mckormick Jewish. In those days, the fastest way from the south side to the Loop was the Englewood L, which ended at 63rd Place and Loomis (1400 W.) And of course the Englewood business district was very prosperous. He is still stuck on the poverty line, working a food delivery job to support his girlfriend Tami and their son Freddie. The cars have 1953 license plates. Original Rainbow Cone on Western Ave in Beverly, Chicago: Grandma would take us on the bus to visit the cemetery and after we would stop at the Rainbow Cone! The interactive map shows that by the 1950s, Black residents had started to trickle into "grade C" or "yellow-lined" European immigrant neighborhoods on the West and Southeast sides. 03. What makes this picture so interesting is the road sign, Keep left of tracks. Thats because, precisely at this spot, the streetcar tracks moved off the street and onto private right-of-way between Vincennes Ave. and the main line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad. But folks are also going back to the South, citing a lack of well-paying jobs and resources, as well as steady gun violence and a rising cost of living, as their main reasons for leaving the city. African Americans who settled in northern cities like Chicago, New York, and Detroit earned at least twice as much as those who stayed in the South in 1930, according to work by Leah Boustan, an. From the 1920s through the 1950s, Chicagos South Side was the center for African-American culture and business. Your email address will not be published. There is no shoo-fly yet, meaning construction had not yet started on the Western Avenue bridge that would eventually go over the Congress Expressway. Price: $24.99 At the end of Shameless, Lip has decided to sell the Gallagher house for a mere $75,000 a far cry from the $250,000 he was offered by a developer before he pushed too hard and lost that deal. (Wien-Criss Archive), CTA 4050 is southbound on Western at the Douglas Park L on November 11, 1955. You can see the streetcar trackage reverting to street running headed south. Interesting experience for me,mind you I am Latina searching for African Americans to complete 2.5hrs survey ?and more details no problem.