You have finished reading the books you brought and are looking for something to help you pass the time. IgG. Patient 3, Label the blood types on the card. Process of an eggs journey and the structure of the female reproductive system. Why does an ABOA B O incompatibility between a mother and her child rarely causes severe problems? Donations are separated into different components before transfusions occur, depending on the needs of the recipient. The antibodies formed a complex with antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Agglutination can cause blockages in the patients blood vessels, Label the blood types on the card. There are no antigens on the red blood cells that can be recognized as foreign. 5. B cells develop from stem cells in bone marrow. Group O doesn't have A or B antigens but has . Explain the utility of antimicrobial agents. If two equal-size spiral galaxies were to collide, what would happen? Define selective toxicity and what it means for host organisms. This is the list of simulations that will be added to your course. The theory section of the lab is a useful resource. How much higher is the avidity of IgM compared to IgG assumed that both isotopes have the same affinity? A) 3. do you know when rhesus incompatibility can cause problems? hormones . Part 2: Complete Labster "Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible?" As you complete the lab, have the lab report ready to record data. according to the theory, which antibody isotype crosses the placenta? At the end of this simulation, you will be able to, At the end of this simulation you will be able to, By the end of this simulation, you will be able to, At the end of the simulation, you will be able to. Understand the role voltage-gated channels play in determining the shape of an action potential. Plasma cells create antibodies specific to a certain antigen. B+ is the third most common occurring blood type. which cell type produces antibodies. : 2021222 : labster antibodies why are some blood types incompatible quizlet AB+. Explain the principles of blood typing using Eldon cards. Part 2: Complete Labster "Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible?" As you complete the lab, have the lab report ready to record data. Assess heart chamber dimensions (left and right ventricles, left and right atria, aortic root, vena cava, valvular function) and recognize what makes a case normal. what are the 4 types of bonds in an antibody-antigen complex. Name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system. a) .the newborn . Q: Targeting vectors use homologoues . B) 2. Do you know when rhesus incompatibility can cause problems? Explain the role of the white blood cells in protecting the body from disease. Define selective toxicity and what it means for host organisms. A) IgA. Press the + button next to the simulations that you want to add to your list, or add all the simulations of this package by pressing add all simulations. they are molecules capable of triggering an immune response. Explain the principles of blood typing using Eldon cards. What does HDN mean? Discover what antigens and antibodies have to do with blood type, and learn why mixing certain different blood types together can cause problems. How does Earth's core create Earth's magnetic field? Red blood cell count is typically decreased in HDN because. Learn how to use an automatic hematology analyzer and how to prepare a peripheral B cells. Elevate your nursing program with UbiSim, a VR solution dedicated to clinical excellence. Antibodies are specialised proteins that are produced in response to anything that your immune system might need to fight off, such as bacteria and viruses. This ultimately causes those red blood cells to rupture, destroying them entirely. Choose your Learning Management System below: Congratulations! 5-fold. Interpret the results of the litmus test to identify the carboxylic acids. Describe the principles of confocal microscopy, Use the basic functions of a confocal microscope, Select the optimal settings to take confocal micrographs, Acquire confocal images and create 3D renderings, Describe the setup of a confocal microscope, Discuss the advantages of confocal microscopy over conventional optical microscopy, Explore decontamination and selective toxicity, Outline the principles of fermentation and its applications, Summarize the principal components of a fermentor and their function, Experiment with the effect of temperature, pH, gas, and agitation on fermentation, Analyze growth curves qualitatively to identify optimal growth parameters, Understand the basic principles and practical aspects of fluorescence microscopy, Explain the function of different parts of the fluorescence microscope, Describe the application and limitations of fluorescence microscopy in biology, Give examples of functional groups of organic compounds and their reactions, Determine the presence of specific functional groups by carrying out simple chemical tests, Investigate the functional groups present in salicylic acid by performing a series of chemical tests, Explain the visualization and separation of nucleic acid molecules through gel electrophoresis, Summarize how nucleic acid molecules migrate through an agarose gel, Explain the principles behind size separation and direction of migration, Analyze and interpret a nucleic acid gel by using a DNA ladder and controls, Differentiate the gram positive and gram negative bacteria under the microscope, Recall the steps of a gram stain procedure, Justify the methodology and reagents used in a gram staining procedure. Talk to one of our Virtual Lab Experts about how Labster can engage your students with our virtual labs for online, hybrid and face-to-face courses. What is present in the test circles on the Eldon cards? B-. what happened when the blood agglutinated? Antibodies attack by binding to the foreign antigens on the surface of red blood cells. What happened when the blood agglutinated? Here you can see a hologram of an antibody, just like the one which causes problems in Rhesus incompatibity. Learn the importance of inorganic compounds in life! C. It is produced only in response to infection with the hepatitis B virus. (1 point), Why can agglutination be lethal for a patient when it occurs during a blood transfusion? Part 2: Complete Labster Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible?. What are the four types of bonds in an antibody-antigen complex? The two heavy chains wind up the molecule from the bottom. After creating an account, be sure to review the Labster Student Guide. Here you can access our many engaging and interactive 3D learning simulations, covering all the most important science topics in your course.Just select a topic below, and click play to start learning in a fun and engaging way. At the end of this simulation, you will be able to, At the end of this simulation you will be able to. Appreciate why different antimicrobials are effective against different infections. A. Analyze complete blood counts. C) 1. Part 3: Complete the Lab report. The two light chains at the top of the molecule are colored yelow and blue. In the first lab simulation, you will generate complete blood counts and prepare blood smears of control and patient samples to diagnose various blood disorders in three patients. This is the list of simulations that will be added to your course. The velocity of the water has a value at every point within the sphere, so the velocity can be represented as a vector field. Learn about the concepts of antibodies and antigens, as well as the ABO and Rhesus blood grouping systems and their importance in blood transfusions. Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible? Post author: Post published: June 12, 2022 Post category: danmachi light novel volume 17 release date Post comments: yellow medicine county warrant list yellow medicine county warrant list C) None. what is present in the test circles on the Eldon cards? What is the analog to the electric field? In the end, put all this knowledge to the test by performing the Eldon test on the mother and her unborn child and interpret the results. antibody labster- why some blood groups showing incompatibility, lab reports for zoology. Follow the steps of an Eldon test to determine what blood groups are found in several patient test samples. Get all details about our 30-minute Antibodies virtual lab simulation: https://www.labster.com/simulations/antibodies/.Let us know your thoughts about this animation video in the comments below, and dont forget to subscribe for more content about how to teach science with virtual labs!About us:Labsters virtual lab simulations designed to stimulate students natural curiosity and highlight the connection between science and the real world. a) When maternal and fetal Rhesus status are the same b) When maternal and fetal Rhesus status are different c) It usually doesn't cause any problems d) When the father of the baby is unknown, Red blood cell count is typically decreased in HDN because. Describe the functions of the posterior pituitary A type blood has anti-B antibody in the plasma, B type blood has anti-A antibody in the plasma, AB has neither A nor B antibody in the plasma. The theory section of the lab Part 1 Complete Labster Hematology: Introduction to Blood 10, Part 2 when the maternal and fetal Rhesus status are different. Labster integrates with all major LMS (Learning Management Systems) so that educators can use their gradebooks to track students performance data and students can keep a record of their work. The theory section of the lab is a useful resource. Blood is composed of 2 components: blood plasma and the formed elements. Welcome to Labster - Simple Student Guide. Email Opt In * Opt in You must opt in to receive emails from Labster. Appreciate different levels of selective toxicity. Even though antibodies are proteins that protect us from harmful intruders, they can sometimes cause problems. Select an appropriate antimicrobial to target a given microorganism. Have you noticed that Carmen and her first child don't have compatible ABOA B O blood groups? Which of the following statements about beta interferons is true? Follow the steps of an Eldon test to determine what blood groups are found in several patient test samples. Part 2: Complete Labster "Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible?" As you complete the lab, have the lab report ready to record data. If antibodies produced by the mother attack the unborn babys red blood cells, the unborn babys destroyed or damaged red blood cells may not be able to carry oxygen around their body. Study the science that underlies the understanding and treatment of human diseases, acquire skills in areas of biology and chemistry that are relevant to healthcare. 2.7: Compatibility procedures in the hospital . Dive into the inner Next time you launch a simulation you will be asked to login again. Le enter the fetal antigen expressed Bound Matenal cells will antibodies be destroyed resuting in bloodstream Hemolytic and bind Disease to of red the blood Newborm cell o Rhesus rHON for if short. Please fill out the form below to talk with one of our Lab Experts. Dr. Here you can access our many engaging and interactive 3D learning simulations, covering all the most important science topics in your course.Just select a topic below, and click play to start learning in a fun and engaging way. What are the four types of bonds in an antibody-antigen complex? The two most important in clinical practice are the ABO and Rh systems. Download the .zip file and upload it to your LMS. Identify the cellular components of blood and state their functions. Getting the wrong type of blood in a transfusion can have dangerous consequences. Can you determine if there is a Rhesus incompatibility between Carmen and her second child? antibody-antigen interaction and the mechanism that lies behind Rh incompatibility. This will you a brief walkthrough of the platform before you begin the Labster simulation. O has both A and B antibody in the plasma. B) IgD Label the structure of the antibody and the antigen. When people who have one blood type receive blood from someone with a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. The antibodies in the Anti-D detect Rhesus antigens. Compare the effectiveness of different antimicrobial compounds. Agglutination can cause blockages in the patient's blood vessels. In the second lab you will learn the basics of antibodies. Can you see the different chains in the hologram? Appreciate different levels of selective toxicity. 5. Record membrane current under voltage clamp, Record membrane voltage under current clamp at different concentrations of extracellular sodium and potassium, Observe the shape of action potentials when the neuron is exposed to different ion channel blockers, Illustrate the reactions of weak acids and bases, Categorize acids and bases based on their strength, Prepare various types of salts through neutralization, Review the concept of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and its logarithmic form (pKa). Find and select the simulations that you want to add to your course. 5-fold. In Labster's simulation, Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible? Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. Relate the position and angle of the transducer as well as direction of its indicator to certain projections. Compare the effectiveness of different antimicrobial compounds. For example, if someone with Type O blood (blood with no A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells) received red blood cells donated from someone with Type B blood (blood containing B antigens), the recipients immune system would immediately identify the new blood cells as foreign and seek to destroy them. If antibodies and antigens can bind together, which statement is true of antigens? antibody structure: antibody isotypes . Complete Labster Antibodies: Why are some blood Explore relevant bioscience simulations for nursing students. Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of particular antigens on the surface of red blood cells. There are eight main blood types: A positive, A negative, B positive, B negative, AB positive, AB negative, O positive and O negative. Differentiate between disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobials. . (d) Discuss the similarities between this equation and Gauss's law. You can now upload the .zip file into your LMS by the following these instructions: Discover one of 200+ learning simulations available today, Understand the structure and function of antibodies, Understand the formation of the antibody-antigen complex, Name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system, Explain the principles of blood typing using Eldon cards, Describe rhesus incompatibility and hemolytic disease. These differences in blood type can become a problem if the baby's blood enters the . why is the blood type O- called the universal donor? To help prevent this, Rh negative mothers in Australia receive an injection of Anti-D immunoglobulin during pregnancy (including their first pregnancy), or shortly after birth, which helps stop their immune system from making anti-D antibodies. Choose your Learning Management System below: Congratulations! Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte ). You will learn about a. Measure the resting membrane potential and then observe an action potential. (1 point), What is the cause of blood agglutination on the Eldon test cards? Describe the ideal environments for microbial growth and how they can be manipulated. in order to function. Even though antibodies are proteins Explain the utility of antimicrobial agents. why is blood type O- called the 'universal donor'? Let's have a look at antibody structure in the molecular viewer. Describe modes of microorganism growth control. How does the human body keep itself in balance? Part 1: Complete Labster Hematology: Introduction to Blood. The positive and negative refers to your Rh type (once called Rhesus). (c) Show that, IV=vdAI_{V}=\oint \overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}} \cdot d \overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}} Simulate experiments, train lab techniques, and teach theory through visual experiences that enhance long-term learning outcomes. Discover the genetics of limb development, Immunoassay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. four. a) .the newborn child loses a lot of blood during birth b) blood vessels become fragile and damage more easily c) the cells are recognized by the antibodies and destroyed d) .the antibodies interfere with blood clotting pathways, If antibodies and antigens can bind together, which statement is true of antigens? 300+ Web-based simulations that can be played on laptops, Chromebooks, and tablets/iPads without installing any software, Teacher dashboard to automate grading and track student progress, Embedded quizzes to help students master science content, Library of learning resources, lab reports, videos, theory pages, graphics and more. electrostatic interactions, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Talk to one of our Virtual Lab Experts about how Labster can engage your students with our virtual labs for online, hybrid and face-to-face courses. types incompatible?, CBC: complete blood count WBC: white blood cell, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, The body is a complex multicellular organism that comprises trillions of cells working together as, tissues, organs, and systems. Even though antibodies are proteins that protect us from harmful intruders, they can sometimes cause problems. A) Hemoglobin Provide examples of why bacterial growth rates have to be measurable/ characterized, Understand how a Biosafety containment level III laboratory is constructed (e.g. how many polypeptide chains build up an antibody? Although people often donate whole blood, plateletsand plasma from donors are also used. tissues, organs, and systems. san antonio housing authority login . Then the antigen was probably polen, which stimulated your immune system and made you sneeze Marie: Antibodies are also known as invunoglobulins o for short, Theyre Vshaped proteins with hypernariable regions that ronognite specite molecuies Let's. Despite the similar name, antibodies are not to be confused with antigens. Explain;- The flu vaccine needs to. 6. A ____ contains many food chains. Institution Type * Country * State * Postal Code. Which fixed macrophages are found in the central nervous system? Understand the concept of fumigation and how this is executed within a microbiological safety cabinet. b. H2O \rightarrow NADPH \rightarrow Calvin cycle a) When maternal and fetal Rhesus status are the same b) When maternal and fetal Rhesus status are different c) It usually doesn't cause any problems d) When the father of the baby is unknown, Do you know when rhesus incompatibility can cause problems? Discover what antigens and antibodies have to do with blood type, and learn why mixing certain different blood types together can cause problems. Blood type compatibility seems simple, but it is one of the most challenging topics to teach. THERE ARE NO ANTIGEN ON THE RED BLOOD CELLS THAT CAN BE RECOGNIZED AS FOREIGN Complement fixation IgM & IgG bind to foreign antigens and provide sites for complement proteins to bind to o STRUCTURE: 16. the child, which is called hemolytic disease of the newborns. Explain the role of the white blood cells in protecting the body from disease. A: Answer: As we know, C1V1= C2V2, where C1 and C2 = initial and final concentrations V1 and V2 =. What are the four types of bonds in an antibody-antigen complex? (a) Show that the magnitude of the water velocity field falls off as 1/r21/ r^{2}1/r2 (b) Imagine a nonspherical closed surface in the water and surrounding the end of the tube. Why does a ABO incompatibility between a mother and her child rarely cause severe problems? Complete el formulario de abajo para obtener acceso instantneo a nuestra simulacin de seguridad de laboratorio. The theory section of the lab is a useful resource. Part 3: Complete the Lab report. how many polypeptide chains build up an antibody. In this short animation video, you will learn about the concepts of antibodies and antige. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies. (1 point). Patient 4. blood from a B- blood type, could any of the patients re have just typed receive blood from this donor? Learn how cells, organs and systems function in the human body. Understand how hormonal feedback mechanisms among LH, FSH, and testosterone control fertility in males. Students could quickly lose track as the lesson proceeds, and the teacher introduces new blood types, antigens, and antibodies. Institution Type * Country * State * Postal Code. Answer the following questions: Part 1 Lab questions: Identify the WBCs: (1 point each) a. b. As you complete the lab, have the lab report ready to record data. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Describe the consequences of unregulated population growth. (Agglutination means the clumping together of particles). You are now logged out. Dive into the inner. All the possible results on a blood typing test card are shown in the image below. Our virtual laboratory simulations are aimed atuniversity, college and high school level, within fields such as biology, biochemistry, genetics, biotechnology, chemistry, physics and more. What is the significance of having a control? How much higher is the avidity of IgMeye G M compared to IgGeye G G assumed that both isotypes have the same affinity? Talk to one of our Virtual Lab Experts about how Labster can engage your students with our virtual labs for online, hybrid and face-to-face courses. Dr. Lee has tasked you to review their case, so let's get started! Find and select the simulations that you want to add to your course. There is a special need for AB Plasma. what is the significance of having a control, To ensure that the test card is working correctly. air flow and pressure control), Understand the basic safety rules of a Biosafety containment level III laboratory (e.g. Here you can access our many engaging and interactive 3D learning simulations, covering all the most important science topics in your course. If the tested blood contains the corresponding antigen to the specific antibody in the field, blood clots will be formed. One fades from green to turguoise in color and the other fades from red to orange. Name the 4 major blood types in the ABO system. D) Antibodies against the Rhesus antigen. Understand the molecular structure of sugars and polysaccharides, Understand digestion and appreciate the complexity of the human body, Experiment with different foods and measure their impact on the blood sugar level, Explain how and why microbial colonization occurs. I'm Mariel Before we get started let's talk about the key players in our mission: antibodies! A: ANSWER;-d)The flu has several strains that change seasonally. If you have an ABO incompatibility reaction, you'll have symptoms within a few minutes of receiving a transfusion. Pruebe uno de nuestros laboratorios gratuitamente. People with AB Negative (.6% of the population) and AB Positive (3.4%) are potential universal plasma donors. You can now upload the .zip file into your LMS by the following these instructions: Understand the structure and function of antibodies, Understand the formation of the antibody-antigen complex, Name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system, Explain the principles of blood typing using Eldon cards, Describe rhesus incompatibility and hemolytic disease, Culture your sample without contamination, Understand the principles of aseptic technique for the prevention of infection and contamination, Use sterile equipment and consumables correctly, State potential sources of microbial contamination, Describe and differentiate between the most common shapes of bacteria, Describe the movement of each of the bacterial shapes, Differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls, Relate the structure of bacterial cell envelopes to Gram stain outcomes, Learn how transporters keep cells healthy, Describe the plasma membrane structure using the fluid mosaic model, Recognize the relative permeability of lipid bilayers to different classes of molecule, Compare active and passive transport of molecules, Identify the 3 modes of active transport and the different classes of ion channel and carrier molecules, Relate the expression of specific transport proteins to the cells role, Describe the general bacterial cell structure and function. Appreciate why different antimicrobials are effective against different infections. 2.2: Blood group antibodies. In the open end of the tube, you mount a small, spherical sponge that will cause the water coming out of the end of the tube to spread out with spherical symmetry in all directions. At the end of this simulation, you will be able to. If an antigen is introduced into your body that isnt there normally, your system will identify it as an intruder. Understand and evaluate the most common measurements used for evaluation of left and right ventricular systolic function. Users complete tasks in the 3D environment, interact with lab equipment, view animations, read background material, and answer test questions. Identify the WBCs: (1 point) 5.) These molocules range from proteins, nuclec acide to whole organisms, Have you ever had hay fever? electrostatic interactions, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Explain your answer. samples from a mother and her unborn child, to determine whether or not they are compatible. Blood type compatibility is clearly very important when donating and transfusing blood products, but blood type incompatibility can also become an issue during pregnancy, if a mothers blood type is Rh negative, but her unborn childs is Rh positive. D) They are molecules capable of triggering an immune reaction, How many polypeptides chain build up an antibody? Select an appropriate antimicrobial to target a given microorganism. Home / / labster antibodies why are some blood types incompatible quizlet If the Rh factor protein is . At the end of this simulation, you will be able to, No direct alignment. IV=vdA. what is present in the test circles on the Eldon cards? Antibodies recognize specific molecule features caled antigens. 2.6: Other clinically important blood group systems. Labsters virtual laboratory training simulations help employees master laboratory techniques and safety protocols. Why can agglutination be lethal for the patient when it occurs during a blood transfusion? Antibodies are super important when t comes to protecting us from viruses, bacteria and other pathogens. labster antibodies why are some blood types incompatible quizlet. Describe and identify the general organization and structural components of a skeletal muscle. a. Set up a serial dilution of a bacterial culture and describe why they are used. as well as a means of removing waste byproducts. These differences in blood type can become a problem if the babys blood enters the mothers bloodstreamfor instance, during childbirth. An antigen is any kind of molecule, such as a protein or a carbohydrate, that can be recognised by the immune systemthe antibodies target whichever antigens it identifies as being foreign invaders. Demonstrate how muscle contraction and relaxation is linked to thermoregulation, digestion, circulation and motor function. Cross), Give Me Liberty! a. NADPH \rightarrow O2 CO2\rightarrow CO_2CO2 ( Talk to one of our Virtual Lab Experts about how Labster can engage your students with our virtual labs for online, hybrid and face-to-face courses. which antibody isotype crosses the placenta. smear. First child. The amniotic sac insulates the embryo from temperature changes. Learn about the concepts of antibodies and antigens, as well as the ABO and Rhesus blood grouping systems and their importance in blood transfusions. Essentials. Learn how to develop or make products from living systems and organisms in our biotechnology lab simulations. Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible? Once bound, they form a unique antibody-antigen complex, It may help to imagine the antigen as a lock and the antibody as the specific kay that fits it If antibodies and antigens can bind together, which statement is true of antigens? Or what would happen if you got the wrong blood type during a transfusion? Why can agglutination be lethal for the patient when it occurs during a blood transfusion? However, if the situation were reversed, and Type O red blood cells were donated to someone with Type B blood, no unfamiliar antigens would be introduced into the recipients body, so the blood cells would not be identified as intruders by the immune system. . Its also possible to use Labster without an LMS. Explain the principle of different ELISA techniques, Apply sandwich ELISA to quantify protein samples, Analyze the standard curve of ELISA experiment, Understand the function of reagents and equipment used in ELISA, Describe the basic troubleshooting process of ELISA, Distinguish vertical gene transfer from horizontal gene transfer, Understand the concept of genetic variability and survivability in bacteria, Describe the concept of horizontal gene transfer, Identify genetic elements and cell machinery required for DNA transfer, Outline the main events that occur during conjugation, transformation, and transduction, Discuss the outcome and barrier of genetic transfer in bacteria, Explain the importance of correctly identifying pathogenic bacteria, Outline the principle of the main bacterial identification methods, Describe the use and limitations of bacterial morphology and differential staining techniques, Critically combine biochemical tests such as the catalase, oxidase and indole test with differential staining and differential media to identify pathogenic bacteria, Understand different microscopy techniques and their limitations, Identify various cell types and cellular structures, Understand coeliac disease and intestinal inflammation, Understand the different steps in sample preparation, cluster generation, sequencing and data processing, Understand the characteristics of ancient DNA, Understand that Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) can be tightly correlated to a specific physical feature, Understand the concept of food spoilage and shelf life, Understand the principle of pasteurization and sterilization, Analyze the parameters of High-Temperature-Time-Treatment (HTST) pasteurization, Perform canning as a method of sterilization, Understand how plastic and metal can be used as materials for packaging, Explain how to interpret Western Blot results, Explain receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) cell signaling, Analyze dysregulated signal transduction in human cancer cells, Understand the connection between angiogenesis and tumor growth, Investigate the involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling in human breast cancer, Understand the translation process from mRNA to amino acid, Understand the post-translational modification, Understand the protein synthesis processing in the ribosome, Understand the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of protein, Understand the basic principles of mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), Explain the principles and importance of intracellular signal transduction, Describe the structure of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Appreciate theoretical and technical aspects of the Gram staining procedure, Know the most commonly made mistakes in Gram staining, Critically interpret the results of a Gram staining experiment using a light microscope.