In her contribution to the volume on the practice turn in contemporary theory, Ann Swidler (2001) tries to figure out what it is that anchors cultural practices. 1999. New York: Walter de Gruyter. [1904] 1959. “Excerpts from A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.” Pp. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. While most households have acceptable access to nutritious foods, especially protein and heme iron-rich foods, nearly one half of households consumed vitamin A rich foods on less than 3 days of the 7-day recall period in either season. London, England: Routledge. It is as though I had the right to call the heel of my shoe a hammer because I, like most women, use it to drive nails into the wall. Arendt, Hannah. Berkeley: University of California Press. Farganis, James, ed. 1–26 in Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, edited by J. Clifford and G. E. Marcus. Arendt, Hannah. Chicago, IL: Aldine. [1954] 1968. “On the Concept of Culture.” Pp. Paula Saukko (2003) has recently taken a fresh look at both the classical and the new methodological approaches to the study of culture. a different view of academics, knowledge and students in the curriculum. With the phrase “the disenchantment of the world,” Weber tried to capture the radical changes that attended the rise of Western capitalism. A quarter-century ago, an exhaustive overview of the different approaches to culture had led Peterson (1979:160) to conclude that none of the perspectives he had considered had come up with a convincing paradigm to relate culture and society. 1998. “Theory/Practice.” Pp. Berkeley: University of California Press. By the late 1980s, however, a major rift had appeared within cultural sociology, between, those who have thought of culture as an implicit or subjective facet of social life [and] those who portray culture in terms of specific kinds of discourse, texts, or other symbolic products. Forcing, Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research, Evaluating a HIV vaccine research community engagement programme at an HIV prevention research centre in the Western Cape, CIHR Team in Social and Behavioral Research on HIV Vaccines, HIV Prevention & Acceptability of New Prevention Technologies among Key Populations in Thailand, John Benjamins Publishing Company The agency of language in institutional talk An introduction, Ordoliberalism and European economic policy: An introduction, Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Appadurai, Arjun. Bell, Daniel. Interpretation of Cultures. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. 1988. “Metaphor and Social Antagonisms.” Pp. Dirks, Nicholas B. Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe. Going beyond a simple base/ superstructure model, he attempts to show how through its dominant culture, the capitalist state and its ideological apparatus mold and channel individual consciousness and effort in the service of the system (Walsh 1998:287–88). Background: Many engineering education researchers acknowledge that their positionality impacts their research. The Meaning of Culture: Moving the Postmodern Critique Forward. 35–61 in Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, edited by V. E. Bonnell and L. Hunt. Bellah, Robert. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis: 3–5 to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. And, contraWeber, he points out how “faith was relevant [not] only to the creation of modernity, [but also] to the project of its ongoing institutionalization,” and “how practical meanings continue to be structured by the search for salvation,” with “fantasies and myths [continuing to] inspire giant efforts at practical transformation” (p. 8). Historians, for one, we are told, “have bridled at the historicization of their own ground” (McDonald 1996:12; see also Dirks 1996:40–41). The national anthem, the flag, and the national holidays are contemporary symbols and common rituals of unity in the presence of diversity and differentiation. The major turns during the past several decades have given rise to a diversity of methodological approaches to the study of culture. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Swidler (2001) notes Stephen Turner’s (1994) serious concern about the notion of practices being silent and hidden but rejects his focus on “habit” as too individualistic. U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most courses. As capitalism came into its own, the religious impulse got detached from the work ethic, and religious asceticism gave way to the reign of unbridled hedonism. 168–245 in Wilhelm Dilthey: Selected Writings, edited by H. P. Rickman. We note that whether identities are relatively marginalized, privileged, hidden, or apparent in a research context creates complexities for conceptualizing, practicing, and disclosing one's positionality. The transcripts were revisited to locate quotes (ranging from two to four per subtheme) that would exemplify the themes; The emergent themes and sub-themes were discussed with the first author, who conducted one of the focus group interviews, for their insights; (4) Following this discussion, the number of sub-themes were reduced and one quote best exemplifying and/or most succinctly articulating each theme was chosen; (5) These decisions were triangulated with the first author; and (6) The third author acted to critically review the analysis and interpretations. There is only an instance of the process of making and circulating meanings and pleasures” (Fiske 1988:250, quoted in Davies 1995:123). Contemporary sociologists’ approach to culture is often divided between a “sociology of culture” and “cultural sociology”—the terms are similar, though not interchangeable. Given the fact that the phenomenological/hermeneutical approach to understanding other people’s lived experience is contradicted by the poststructuralist critique of “discourses” that mediate the world of multiple realities and that “cultural studies can no longer know the whole truth, or even claim to approach it” (Clifford 1986:25), Saukko (2003) gives up the old criterion of validity as “truthfulness” and settles instead for the notion of multiple validities to identify “good” or valid research (pp. Norris, Christopher. Some environmental ethicists argue, however, that critics of anthropocentrism … And it did not take long for later sociologists, such as Robert Bellah (1970), to declare “civic religion” as the functional equivalent of traditional religious beliefs: On this view, the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and our democratic institutions affirming human rights represent the fundamental moral consensus of society. 7, 9). Camic, Charles and Neil Gross. Jacques Derrida (1974), on the other hand, denies that language ever settles into a stable order of meaning. Accordingly, all of these developments were also unable to resolve the classical problem of the order-maintaining as opposed to the order-transforming functions of culture, as well as the related problem of the degree to which social structure determines culture or viceversa— i.e., the extent of mutual determination of culture, social structure, and social behavior. Much controversy still surrounds the exact nature of the relationship between the base and the superstructure: Does the base “determine” the superstructure, or is the superstructure a mere reflection of the base? 1991. But while Weber was full of apprehension about the future, Durkheim ([1915] 1965) was certain that “this state of incertitude and confused agitation cannot last forever,” for “there are no gospels which are immortal, but neither is there any reason for believing that humanity is incapable of inventing [italics added] new ones” (p. 475). We used semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to understand perceptions of, change over time, and strategies for dealing with food shortfalls. The overall result has been that in Marxian theory, cultural factors have seldom been given their due or treated as central variables in their own right but have been included among other variables to round out or further specify the relationships being examined. Gallagher, Charles. 277–94 in Cultural Studies, edited by L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, and P. A. Treichler. 2003. 1970. Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1957. Analysing As against Kroeber and Kluckhohn’s conception of culture as “intangible abstractions,” White ([1954] 1968) insisted on drawing a distinction between the conception of culture and what it stands for: “Culture as the name of a class of things and events in the external world” that are objective and observable, and “the conception of culture [that is] in the mind of the culturologist. And if culture is viewed as a symbolic “tool kit” that individuals use for choosing effective strategies of action to cope with the world (Swidler 1986), then it would be pertinent to ask, What determines their differential access to this tool kit? Schutz, Alfred. ••• Tag them to make sure they apply…” Althusser, Louis and Etienne Balibar. A step-by-step approach to the search for personal connections is presented, including an example of the process of facilitating this search. [1895] 1938. de Saussure, Ferdinand. Some of these at­ tempts to do the latter have been quite successful; in other cases the results have 1 been disappointing. In addition to continuing the traditional emphasis on comparative and cross-cultural research, the twenty-first century is likely to witness a concerted drive to further expand disciplinary boundaries and to draw freely from theories and methods being developed in a wide range of disciplines ranging from the social sciences to humanities and literary studies. (Davies 1995:120, 122). Mohr (1998) reviews a wide range of techniques and methods, including semantic differential, survey, content analysis, symbolic interactionism, and participant observation, that have been used by the researchers. 1998. “The Victory of Culture. This intention, however, is not easily achieved when after-the-fact recall and reporting are key features of pre-service teacher learning rather than critique and contemplation. places cultural forms outside of history” (Rose 1999:233–34). . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. The Human Condition. To come to grips with the problem of representation, she then counts on Hannah Arendt’s (1958) notion of the agonal nature of public/political discourse rather than the Habermasian (1992) notion of rational public discourse to provide the theoretical underpinnings of her multisited/ multiscaped qualitative strategy, that carefully listens to the specificity of individual perspectives both in terms of content (“take” or opinion) and their form (the way in which they relate to the world …) while aiming to bring them into conversation with one another . . Semi-structured interviews were used to explore how the group experience and the exercises, metaphors and skills promoted by ACT were used by participants in their daily lives. 1985. Roseberry, William. Tudor, Andrew. In addition to questioning the assumed continuity between the past and the present, she also deals with the question of the presumed autonomy of culture. Over the past decades many books and essays have been written on phenomeno­ logical psychology. The researchers discovered leadership, institutional capacity, and communication as the three major categories based on the transcription content analysis. 1981. The objectives of the study were to develop a profile for female drug mules incarcerated in South African correctional centres, specifically Kgoši Mampuru II and Johannesburg Female Correctional Centre; to establish risk factors for being recruited and used as drug mules; to explain the mules’ motivations for being involved in drug smuggling; to determine the physical and emotional impact drug smuggling has on the drug mules; and to determine the methods used by drug mules to smuggle drugs. The sociological study of culture owes much to the great methodological contribution made by Dilthey through his contrast between the empirical-observational methods of the natural sciences (Naturwissenschaften) and the hermeneutic method of understanding of the cultural sciences (Geisteswissenschaften). . 8, 10). New York: Oxford University Press. Finally, there are a great number of publications in which the authors do not talk about phenomenological psychology, but rather try to do what was described as possible and necessary in the first two kinds of publications. . . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Sewell, William H., Jr. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98:1–29. 1994. Throughout most of history, culture has been virtually synonymous with religion. 1951. Greer, Scott. Linstead, Stephen. All participants had a relationship with their hero, learned lessons from them, and were inspired by them. Moreover, competition has arisen between those who regard cultural sociology as more legitimately concerned with the social contexts in which culture is produced and those who wish to focus attention more clearly on the content of these products themselves. Anthropocentrism, in its original connotation in environmental ethics, is the belief that value is human-centred and that all other beings are means to human ends. 1990. “Substantive Debates: Moral Order and Social Crisis—Perspectives on Modern Culture.” Pp. the same function traditional religion fulfilled and still fulfills in the free world”—Hannah Arendt ([1954] 1968) declares that, their concern is only with functions, and whatever fulfills the same function can, according to this view, be called the same. 1974. To establish continuity between the past and the present, Alexander (2003) wants to establish how the new discipline of cultural sociology can help bridge the gap left open between religion and social structure in the work of Weber and Durkheim. Bellah, Robert. My intentions in this article are fourfold: (1) to show how the discourses of qualitative inquiry and cultural studies in the seventh moment can be put to critical advantage by social work researchers; (2) to discuss the cultural studies assumptions that define a critical social work research agenda; (3) to offer a set of interpretive, methodological and ethical criteria that can be used by social work researchers; thereby (4) establishing the relevance of this approach for the practices of critical social work research in this new century. be presented and discussed. The student researcher reviewed the entries in this journal before and during the write up. There is a peculiar way in which all these other histories tend to become variations on a master narrative that could be called “the history of Europe.” In this sense, “Indian” history itself is in a position of subalternity: one can only articulate subaltern subject positions in the name of this history. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Habermas, Jurgen. My study integrated two stages of analysis to investigate the art and design Following Williams’ (1981) injunction that culture is always implicated in relationships of dominance and submission, this approach viewed culture as the site where language and the meaning of words and symbols are always in contention. 1989. “Culture and Social Structure in Recent Sociological Analysis.” Pp. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. The structuralist turn in the study of culture owes much to the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss (1966). Words - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. 1979. “Revitalizing the Culture Concept.” Annual Review of Sociology 5:137–66. 1993. “Recent Moves in the Sociology of Literature.” Annual Review of Sociology 19:455–67. While a large number of studies have been ethnographic or qualitative in nature, quantitatively oriented scholars have also been turning their attention to researching meaning to deal with the increased interest in bridging the divide between culture and social structure. Berkeley: University of California Press. . To accomplish this task, Kane (1991) asks that the cultural analyst “must demonstrate that the culture structure he or she has found at the analytic level is the one which the social group truly shares and acts on in the specific historical situation being studied” (p. 55). 1960. 2005. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul. These aspects of research delve deeper than conceptions of positionality as a methodological limitation, a measure to prevent bias, or a requirement for research quality. So is the distinction between reality and appearance, for cultural sociology is given the task of bringing “the unconscious cultural structures that regulate society into the light of the mind.” Cultural sociology thus attempts to bring the social unconscious for view to “reveal to men and women the myths that think them so that they can make new myths in turn [italics added]” (Alexander 2003:4). Integrating these curriculum perspectives I developed a curriculum 82–83). As a result, the “epistemological, disciplinary, political, and even moral foundations of the social sciences are [now] very much at issue” (Bonnell and Hunt 1999:1). 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51:273–86. curriculum for those seeking to develop or enhance curriculum practices. 1997. “Parliamentarization of Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834.” Theory and Society 26:245–73. Others are theoretical in nature and were written to give the reader an insight into the ways in which various authors conceive of phenomenological psychology and how they attempt. New York: Schocken Books. A collective case study employs a multiple-case design to investigate engaging, collaborative academic writing methods in counselor education. Coming from the other direction, Eisenstadt (1989) had expressed his serious reservations about the growing disjunction between the study of culture and the study of social structure and had noted with great concern the increasing marginalization of some of the central areas of sociology of culture (sociology of knowledge, religion, and the arts). are “diametrically opposed to the basic tenets and world views of all traditional societies, no matter how much the latter may differ among themselves” (p. 10). It is deep because it is part of common sense and it is pervasive. London, England: Cambridge University Press. seen less as a metaphor inviting a new range of critical interpretive practices than an invitation to nihilism and relativism. Anthropologists, however, have continued to be exercised by questions such as the following: Is culture real or just an abstraction from reality? [1965] 1968. “The Superorganic: Science or Metaphysics.” Pp. Meaning and Moral Order: Explorations in Cultural Analysis. London, England: Routledge. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. These “giant efforts at practical transformation” and the unceasing global attempt to remake the world and to recast it in the modern Western image have historically been part and parcel of the self-defined telos and destiny of the modern man. When Marxists Do Research. Since cultures for Lewandowski “are not so much deep texts or manuscripts as contexts in which the social critic and social practices are embedded in various ways,” he is very concerned that “Geertz’s method of text reading is in his own characterization one way—we only hear from him” (Lewandowski 2001:12–13). New York: Basic Books. The fragmentation and destruction of the cultural coherence of traditional societies is well documented in Feierman’s (1999) study of the brutal colonial suppression of public healing practices in Africa. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1985. The Heroic Leadership Dynamic (Allison & Goethals, 2015) and models of cognitive, moral, and identity development were used to interpret this data. Since culture is above all symbolic, the positivist strain in sociology that abjured any concern with consciousness and meaning also militated against the study of culture. 1993. “The Discourse of American Civil Society: A New Proposal for Cultural Studies.” Theory and Society 22(2):151–207. As a result, “the tri-partite division of society into economic, political, and ideological spheres, is now reduced to three interdependent branches of the [capitalist] state apparatus: the Ideological State Apparatus, the Repressive State Apparatus, and now the Economic State Apparatus” (Bergesen 1993:6). Rather than effecting a separation of knowledge and power, this last sentence again places knowledge cultures squarely within an all-encompassing logic of power (see Foucault 1980). Would any do? Objective factors determine subjective ones, for, as Marx ([1904] 1959) declares in the oft-quoted passage from his A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness” (p. 43). A significant goal of teacher education is to support the development of reflective practitioners. Sociologists have tried to handle the problem by attempting (a) to substitute “imputed meanings” for the subjective meanings of the actor, and to judge his/her actions against the model of a “rational actor” (Weber); (b) to use the rational “meansends” schema to understand action, thereby reducing action to work or labor (Parsons); (c) to use the sociologist’s own rational puppets (or homunculi) to interpret action (Schutz); (d) to understand action in terms of takenfor- granted activities, thereby reducing action to routine practices (the ethnomethodologists); and, finally, (e) to bracket the actor’s intentions, meanings, hopes, fears, and so on and replace action with conditioned responses or with automatic, unconscious routine behaviors/practices (behaviorists; the practice theorists). The Contemporary Cultural Theory: An Introduction. As a result, the new metanarrative of globalism came to replace the earlier imperial and colonial metanarratives (Filmer 1998:242). Ethnography through Thick and Thin. the variations in perceptions of, and approaches to the curriculum. It aimed to develop a theory of the role of horse-human interactions in EAT/L from the views and experiences of people facilitating and participating in it. 1986. Environmentally -concerned authors have argued that anthropocentrism is ethically wrong and at the root of ecological crises. This book approaches infidelity from a client-centered, phenomenological perspective, informed by. . At the same time that the worldwide commodification of the postmodernist cultures of consumption threatens to absorb the cultural into the economic, globalization also furthers a culture of performance and expressive individualism at home that “fits into a more general shift of emphasis from narrative to performance as the primary source of meaning and gratification in contemporary Western culture. Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism. Tilly, Charles. Turner, Stephen. body, to enable student agency it is critical to give access to knowledge. In her take on the cultural turn, Sonya Rose (1999) has provided an insightful critique of Jeffrey Alexander’s ideas pertaining to continuities in the vocabularies of moral discourse. Qualitative research is designed to explore the human elements of a given topic, while specific qualitative methods examine how individuals see and experienc 1999. “Colonizers, Scholars, and the Creation of Invisible Histories.” Pp. Wuthnow and Witten (1988), on the other hand, identify public moral discourse, science, organizational culture, and ideology as the main substantive areas that will have an important bearing on the future course of cultural analysis. The in these discussions. 2003. “What is the ‘Subaltern’ of the Comparative Philosophy of Religion?” Philosophy East & West 53:340–66. As a result, the functions of the hegemonic state “become coterminous with the cultural functions of civil society—legitimizing, socializing, in maintaining moral order,” and the class struggle itself becomes an ideological struggle for the control “over the structure of consciousness [as] the prerequisite for control over the structure of production” (Bergesen 1993:2–3). Sewell, William H., Jr. 1997. “Geertz, Cultural Systems, and History: From Synchrony to Transformation.” Representations 59:35–75. This means the What mattered to Durkheim, as a classical functionalist, was the integrative function performed by the various beliefs and practices, regardless of the truth of their content. 217–35 in Culture & Society: Contemporary Debates, edited by J. C. Alexander and S. Seidman. Using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, we identified two overarching themes: Firstly, managing the cognitive load (relating to instructor JDM), and secondly social experiential learning (relating to instructor JDM development). Feierman, Steven. We propose a conceptual framework to advance dialogue around The following propositions summarize the effects: Hero stories (a) support emotional intelligence development; (b) evoke elevation and expression of heroic traits; (c) help overcome hardship and limitations through sharing experiences with the hero; (d) facilitate cognitive and moral development; (e) facilitate identity and narrative identity development; (f) produce the therapeutic factors of group therapy even in the absence of group storytelling; and (g) together, these effects influence personality development towards well-being. However, such an exercise may very well conceal the personal and cultural biases of the researcher who now assumes a superior authorial position with regard to his or her subjects. 1998. “Contemporary Developments in Sociological Theory: Current Prospects and Conditions of Possibility.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:453–76. Future research is needed to determine their veracity. (Saukko 2003:192). Culture is [therefore] an arena of critique and struggle for Gramsci and not just a structural, collective and unconscious determinant of subjectivity. He pursues this goal in a series of essays on topics such as cultural trauma and collective identity, a cultural sociology of evil, the discourse of American civil society, and Watergate as a democratic ritual. The binaries of symbolic codes and true/false statements are implanted one on the other” (p. 5). 2004. Lewandowski, Joseph D. 2001. qualitative research and social context. Does its effective use by one group negatively affect its use by other groups? London, England: Gollancz. Expressing her strong opposition to the functionalizing of all concepts and ideas by social scientists and disparaging the widespread tendency to regard communism, for instance, as a “new religion”—“notwithstanding its avowed atheism, because it fulfills . A mixed methods, multi-site, transdisciplinary research program to explore and assess social, behavioral and ethical challenges of HIV vaccine and other biomedical HIV prevention trials; community, To advance evidence supporting universal HPV vaccine uptake and gender neutral HPV vaccination policy. leaders’ approaches to the curriculum for their benefits, limitations and The Dutch school occupies an important place in the phenomenological move­ ment as a whole. The word culture is derived from the Latin cultura (from the root colere: to cultivate, to dwell, to take care, to tend and preserve), which shows its affinity to “agriculture” and also to religious worship. Among sociologists engaged in the study of culture, the work of Jeffrey Alexander invites close attention. Prior to modern times, culture was not one arena of life but was a whole way of life inextricably bound up with religion. But what text? And taking into account Grossberg’s (1998) criticism of “cultural-turn” methodologies for neglecting to address material and economic developments and the increased sensitivity to the voice of marginal groups (women, minorities, non- Western people), Saukko recommends combining Marcus’s (1998) “multisited ethnography” with Appadurai’s (1997) notion of “scapes” as the best strategy for dealing with the contemporary realities of a globalized culture that has breached the boundaries between experience, culture, and reality—or “lived experience,” “texts,” or “discourses”— and the social/ global context (Saukko 2003:176–96). Hall, Stuart. . New York: Vintage Books. Walsh, David W. 1998. “Subject/Object.” Pp. 1976. “The Construction of the Historical World in the Human Studies.” Pp. Bonnell, Victoria E. and Lynn Hunt, eds. 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