factors that influence the effectiveness of chemical sanitation

Furthermore, increasing number of young children present increased the odds of female head/spouse being the household water collector. These include scabies, trachoma and flea, lice and tick-borne diseases. What types of common bacteria are prevalent in the stored drinking water of households? Each year 1.8 million people pass away from diarrhoea diseases, and 90% of these deaths are of children under five years (WHO, 2004). The elementary unit of society is the household and this can be defined as a residential group of persons who live under the same roof and eat out of the same pot (Friedman, 1992). Furthermore, the research identified the relationships between some socio-cultural demographic factors of households and the sanitation practice of its members. These are: Studies on hand washing, as reported in Boot and Cairncross (1993), confirm that it is not only the act of hand washing, but also how well hands are washed that make a difference. Facility managers may use a combination of different control methods to prevent or eliminate insect outbreaks. When extended time periods can be employed in sanitation programmes, e.g. Note: A disinfectant will not cover up faulty cleaning practices It is based on questionnaire interviews of 120 household heads and 77 caretakers of young children below the age of 5years, direct observation of clues of household sanitation practice as well as analyses of household water samples in six surrounding communities in Bogoso. Selectivity of the sanitizer - certain sanitizers are non-selective in their ability to destroy a wide variety of microorganisms while others demonstrate a degree of selectivity. 2. This looseness of stool which can vary all the way from slightly soft to watery is caused by increased water in the stool. Company Registration No: 4964706. Once more, the report show that a few households do not own any toilet facilities and depend on the bush for their toilet needs, that is 2.1%, 7.3%, and 5% for Accra, Kumasi, and Sekondi-Takoradi correspondingly. Absolute diarrhoea is having more bowel movements than normal. Manufacturer’s instructions must be followed. Therefore, relatively not much is proven how the socio-cultural demographic influences impinge on hygiene behaviour which in turn influences the transmission of diseases. Consequently, to achieve microbial control the cleaning and disinfection programme must be thorough, compatible and totally effective. Another survey in South Africa recognized that over 70% of the boreholes in the Eastern Cape were not working (Mackintosh and Colvin, 2003). Conditions of the colon such as collagenous colitis can also impede the capacity of the colon to soak up water. It may be mentioned that the health impact indicators of sanitation programmes are not easy to define and measure, particularly in the short run. To establish the extent to which sanitation behaviour is affected by household socio-cultural demographic factors like age and education level of the head. A complete data on the top ten diseases prevalent in the district is attached as Appendix D but below is a selection of the illnesses that directly result from bad water and sanitation practices. Fewer pests and slower population growth was correlated with facility cleanliness. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Cleaning and sanitation is crucial to producing quality wine. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKDiss.com purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on Reviews.io. For example, in a study of 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, only between 35-80% of water systems were operational in the rural areas (Sutton, 2004). Water-related diseases can be grouped into four categories ( Bradley, 1977) based on the path of transmission: Waterborne diseases are caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal faeces or urine containing pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Temperature: Pasteurization temperature is 140oF. The most successful interventions against diarrhoeal diseases are those that break off the transmission of contagious agents at home. Cattle are the main sources of E. coli O157:H7, but these bacteria also can be found in other domestic and wild mammals. ph, water activity, product characteristics) could affect the product and therefore affect the type, and amount , of data that the establishment ultimately decides is needed to ensure that the alternative cleaning procedures are effective … To investigate the occurrence of diarrhoea among young children (0-59 months old) in the households. Measures of hygiene are vital in the fight against diarrhoeal diseases, the major fatal disease of the young in developing countries (Hamburg, 1987). The three factors that. In order to reduce transmission of faecal-oral diseases at the household level, for example, an expert group of epidemiologist and water supply and sanitation specialist concluded that three interventions would be crucial. Clean water and sanitation considerably lessen water- linked diseases which kill thousands of children every day (United Nations, 2006). Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. For example, children learn what to do at home by observing what happens when their siblings talk back to their parents or throw rubbish into the household compound. If the sanitation challenges described above cannot be met, we will not be able to provide for the needs of the present generation without hindering that of future generations. Over the past couple of years several new wineries have been started in the state. For example, women are hardly seen urinating in public due to a perceived shame in the act but men can be left alone if found doing it. They include dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis and yellow fever. The infant mortality rate currently stands at about 55 deaths per 1,000 live births (CIA, 2006). To identify and recommend good intervention methods to eliminate or reduce the outbreak of diseases and improve sanitation. The specific objectives were; In addition to the above objectives, the following hypotheses were tested; In this chapter, various literature related to the subject matter of study are reviewed. Other physical requirements pertain to temperature, odour, taste and colour. Ismail’s (1999) work on nutritional assessment in Africa, detected that peoples demographic features, socioeconomic and access to basic social services such as food, water and electricity correlate significantly to their health and nutrition status. Despite efforts by the development partners, water supply and sanitation related diseases are highly prevalent in the district. Temperature, odour and taste are generally not to be “objectionable”, while the maximum threshold values for colour are given quantitatively as True Colour Units (TCU) or Hazen units. Personal and domestic hygiene can be enhanced with such trouble-free actions like ordinary use of water in adequate quantity for hand washing, bathing, laundering and cleaning of cooking and eating utensils; regular washing and change of clothes; eating healthy and clean foods and appropriate disposal of solid and liquid waste. Finally, it was found out that diarrhoea among infants were highly prevalent since 47 (61.04%) out of the 77 child minders admitted their wards had a bout with infant diarrhoea. Occurrence of infant diarrhoea in the household is independent on the educational attainment of child caretakers. The others are acute eye infection, rheumatism, dental carries, hypertension, pregnancy related complications and home/occupational accidents. of the factors contributing to the poor environmental While the actual dumpsites may occur several miles sanitation in the hostels of Bayero University Kano. Cultural issues play active part in hygiene and sanitation behaviour especially among members of rural communities. 3. A critical constituent of successful prevention efforts is an effective monitoring and appraisal strategy. The effect of the treatments on the reduction of surface microbial load Humans interact with the physical and man-made environment and this interaction creates a complex, finely balanced set of structures and processes, which evolve over the history of a people. The Wassa West District in the Western Region is home to six large scale mining companies and hundreds of small scale and illegal mining units. Depending on these factors, 100% effectiveness may not be achieved. Thus, diarrhoea’s drain on the health system, its effects on household finances and education, and its additional burden on mothers has not been mitigated. Sanitation can best be defined as the way of collecting and disposing of excreta and community liquid waste in a germ-free way so as not to risk the health of persons or the community as a whole (WEDC, 1998). Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Sanitation Programs Item Type Article Authors Fernandez-Haddad, Marilu; Ingram, Maia Citation Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Sanitation Programs 2015, 3 Frontiers in Public Health DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00201 Publisher Frontiers Journal Frontiers in Public Health Data collected was analysed using SPSS and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Value(R) technique. Furthermore, if current improvements are to be sustained, then more attention needs to be given to the “F” and “E” elements and effective prevention. The Ghana Standards specify that E.coli or thermotolerant bacteria and total coliform bacteria should not be detected in a 100ml sample of drinking water (0 CFU/100ml). Despite the decrease, the values involved are still quite high. No plagiarism, guaranteed! The following research questions were posed to help address the objectives; The main aim of this research was to investigate people’s awareness and practice of personal hygiene, access to quality water and sanitation and the possible causes of diarrhoeal diseases and suggest ways to reduce the incidence of diseases in the community. A healthful environment, devoid of risky substances allows the individual to attain complete physical, emotional and social potential. Investment in sanitation did not predict management success. The environment is understood as comprising the whole set of natural or biophysical and man-made or socio-cultural systems, in which man and other organisms live, work or interact (Ocran, 1999). Copyright © 2003 - 2021 - All Answers Ltd is a company registered in England and Wales. Contact of the sanitizer - in order for a chemical to react with microorganisms, it must achieve intimate contact. Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) had traditionally been the major stakeholder in the provision of safe water and sanitation facilities. The author had a personal communication with the District Environmental Officer and he estimated that, approximately there are 224 public toilets, 560 hand dug wells, 1,255 public standpipes and 3 well managed waste disposal sites in the district. For example, water quality analysis carried out in 1989 by the former Canadian Bogoso Resources (CBR) showed that water samples had Total coliform bacteria in excess of 16 colonies per 100ml (BGL EIS,2005). According to USAID, for further progress to be made in the fight against diarrhoea, the concentration will need to include prevention, especially in child health programs. Several factors influence the effectiveness of antimicrobialtreatment. Water quality analysis, indicated that 27 samples out of the 30 representing 90% tested negative for E. Coli bacteria whilst 17(56.7%) samples had acceptable levels of total Escherichia coli. The Ghana Standards set the maximum turbidity of drinking water at 5 NTU. "Trained personnel are more effective and efficient in cleaning tasks," says Patch. The relationship between household socio cultural factors and the sanitation conditions of households in the Wassa West District especially the Bogoso Rural Council area has not been systematically documented or there is inadequate research that investigates such relationship. These include dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis and other helminths. These findings appear to correlate with the early results of an online survey that seeks a broader perspective of industry trends. However, until recent times they were mostly considered as technical and/or economic problems. The findings revealed that the sanitation condition of households improved with high educational attainment and ageing household heads. Chemical Sanitizers. These include cholera, typhoid, amoebic and bacillary dysentery and other diarrhoeal diseases. Soiling of surfaces is a natural process which reduces the free energy of the system. Theories and models the study contributed to include USAID’s Sanitation Improvement Framework, the “F diagram” by Wagner and Lanois and the theory of Social learning. The phenol coefficient quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical to that of alcohol. Data obtained from the Public and Environmental Health Department of the Ministry of Health (M.O.H., 2008) showed that the top ten most prevalent diseases in the district include malaria, acute respiratory infections, skin diseases and diarrhoea. *You can also browse our support articles here >, factors influencing sanitation conditions in Ghana. Discuss heat and chemical sanitizing methods and materials. Thus, an individual who develops looser stools than usual has diarrhoea even though the stools may be within the range of normal with respect to consistency. The company also donated 19 large refuse collection containers to the District Assembly and built 6 new nurses quarters. WACAM is an environmentally based NGO which monitors water pollution by large scale mining companies. Sanitation reporting is important because faecal contamination can spread from one household to another, especially in closely populated areas. The concept is explained by figure 3.3 below; The first part, water supply systems, addresses mutually the issue of water quality and water quantity, which reduces the risk of contamination of food and drink. A lot more illnesses occur but on a lower scale and these include intestinal worms, coughs and typhoid fever. All work is written to order. Beginning in this publication we will be offering information on this subject in a series of articles. Factors affecting the action of chemical sanitizers: 1. The second approach, increasing host resistance to diarrhoea, has also had some victory with the enhancement of a child’s nutritional status and vaccination against measles, a familiar cause of diarrhoea. Knowledge and involvement on the part of management and the employees in the facility's pest management program, may serve as a better indicator of sanitation's impact on facility pest management. Relative diarrhoea is defined based on the consistency of stool. However, Remco has added two other key factors that can influence the efficacy of a sanitation program: employees and resources. Concentration of Reactants. The effect of sanitation on the efficacy of control varied by tactic (F = 29.6; df = 9, 1170; p < 0.0001), but had an almost uniformly negative effect where data is available (Table 1). Most strains of E. coli bacteria are not dangerous however, this particular strain attaches itself to the intestinal wall and then releases a toxin that causes severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhoea and vomiting that lasts a week or longer. Care International sponsors hygiene and reproductive health programmes in schools and on radio. Disclaimer: This dissertation has been written by a student and is not an example of our professional work, which you can see examples of here. The reason is that the faeces from young people are allegedly free from pathogens and less offensive (Drangert, 2004). A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Relationships between household’s socio cultural demographic factors and people’s behaviour with respect to the practice of hygiene could prove an essential lead to the solution of the problem. Efforts to assuage poverty cannot be complete if access to good water and sanitation systems are not part. This can be attributed to several reasons, including population boom, lack of uninterrupted services and inadequate functioning facilities. Access to waste disposal systems, their regular, consistent and hygienic use and adoption of other hygienic behavioural practices that block the transmission of diseases are the most important factors. Time, Temperature, and Concentration are the variable factors in all cleaning processes, and being able to control and optimize each variable for your particular process will determine how effective your clean-up efforts are. This thesis examines the socio-cultural and demographic factors influencing sanitation conditions in Ghana, identifies the presence of Escherichia coli in household drinking water samples and investigates prevalence of diarrhoea among infants.It is based on questionnaire interviews of 120 household heads and 77 caretakers of young children below … the dispensation of oral rehydration solution and sustained feeding (both solid and fluid, including breast milk). In small children and the elderly, the disease can advance to kidney failure. Intensive health education could also prove vital and such programs must target young heads of household, households with large family size and households whose heads are Christians and Moslems. We compared two food processing facilities for differences in sanitation. Despite a drop in deaths owing to diarrhoea, morbidity or the health burden due to diarrhoea has not decreased, because health experts are treating the symptoms but not addressing the causes. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Also, the act of defecation publicly is generally unacceptable except when infants and young children are involved. Water quality is defined in terms of the chemical, physical, and biological constituents in water. The effectiveness of the natural leader training at increasing interactions and impacting behaviors fits with diffusion theory, in which adoption is initiated by external factors (e.g., triggering), while diffusion beyond early adopters is supported by endogenous factors, such as peer-communication and opinion leaders (e.g., natural leaders). To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this dissertation and no longer wish to have your work published on the UKDiss.com website then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Access to safe sanitation, improved water and improved waste disposal systems is more of an urban than rural occurrence. Pest management in food processing facilities strives to prevent product loss due to insect consumption or infestation of raw or processed product. The Tarkwa Mine has so far spent 10.5million US dollars of which 26% went into health, water and sanitation projects, 24% into agricultural development, 31% into formal education and the remaining went into other projects like roads and community centre construction ( GGL, 2008). The fact is, merely providing a water closet does not guarantee that it could be adopted by the people and used well to reduce disease transmission. They have not looked well at the possible causes of the persistence of disease transmission despite the effort they are making. Even rural water and sanitation issues are repeatedly dealt with from an entirely engineering point of view, with only a simple reference to social or demographic aspects. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. According to the Ghana 2003 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ II) Survey Report (GSS, 2005), roughly 78% of all households in the Tamale Metropolis, 97 percent in Accra, 86% in Kumasi and 94% in Sekondi-Takoradi own pipe-borne water. Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to … For example, some viruses, bacteria and parasites cause increased discharge of fluid, either by invading and inflaming the lining of the small intestine (inflammation stimulates the lining to secrete fluid) or by producing toxins (chemicals) that also fire up the lining to secrete fluid but without causing inflammation. This suggests that greater investment in sanitation is not required for improved facility cleanliness and pest management effectiveness. Number of Microbes: The more microbes present, the more time it takes to eliminate population. reduced detergent concentration, lower temperature or less mechanical brushing). The primary process of achieving effect has been through the initiation and operation of oral rehydration therapy; i.e. must be considered are: Concentration -- The presence of too little sanitizer will result in an inadequate. These factors, which include the condition of surface water and soil conditions of the coastal areas, have a direct bearing on the options for sanitary means of disposing of human waste for the community. Since the 1960’s the GWSC has focussed chiefly on urban areas at the peril of rural areas and thus, rural communities in the Wassa West District are no exception. Like the Ghana Standards, no E.coli or thermotolerant bacteria should be detected in a 100 ml sample of drinking water. Although no health-based guideline is given by WHO (2006) for turbidity in drinking water, it is recommended that the median turbidity should ideally be below 0.1 NTU for effective disinfection. The more paths that can be blocked, the more useful a health and sanitation intervention program will be. Ideally, sanitation should end in the seclusion or destruction of pathogenic material and, hence, a breach in the transmission pathway. away from the primary source of water, drainage Table 1: Personal information of the respondents and rainfall can cause the chemicals and physical waste to blend with the water supply [4]. many factors (e.g. The World Bank, (2003) identifies the demographic characteristics of the household including education of members, occupation, size and composition as influencing the willingness of the household to use an improved water supply and sanitation system. They have also donated a couple of motor bicycles to public health workers in the district who travel to villages. The Ghana Standards for drinking water (GS 175-Part 1:1998) indicate the required physical, chemical, microbial and radiological properties of drinking water. The major diseases prevalent in Ghana are malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasis (bilharzias), typhoid and diarrhea. It is approximated that 90% of all cases of diarrhoea can be attributed to three major causes: insufficient sanitation, inadequate hygiene, and contaminated water (WHO 1997). Reinforcement and punishment can be learned through education where the person can read about what happens to people as a result of actions they make. In 2000, 189 nations adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and from that, the Millennium Development Goals were made. Past studies have shown that environmental factors can directly impact stored product insects (SPIs) and the effectiveness of the chemical agents designed to control them (Semaeo et al., 2012, Arthur, 2000). The transmission pathways are well known and are potted and simplified in the “F diagram” (Wagner and Lanois 1958) shown below by figure 3.1. Diarrhoea can be defined in absolute or relative terms based on either the rate of recurrence of bowel movements or the constancy (or looseness) of stools (Kendall, 1996). Every year, water-related diseases claim the lives of 3.4 million people, the greater part of whom are children (Dufour et. The name of the bacteria refers to the chemical compounds found on the bacterium’s surface. Reinforcement refers to any event that increases chances that a response will occur again (Coon, 1989). Most of the water and sanitation programs executed in the district exerted little positive impact and thus, diarrhoeal diseases are still very high in the towns and villages (See Appendix D on page 80). Water related diseases are caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes that breed in water. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this dissertation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKDiss.com. Epidemiological investigations have revealed that even in dearth supply of latrines, diarrhoeal morbidity can be reduced with the implementation of improved hygiene behaviours (IRC, 2001: Morgan, 1990). Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.... (external link) The environment is human life’s supporting system from which food, air and shelter are derived to sustain human life. Generally, several factors influence the antimicrobial activity of biocides, such as the temperature, time of exposure, amount of organic … Other development partners complimenting the efforts of the central government include NGO’s WACAM, Care International and Friends of the Nation (FON). The basics of a cleaning and sanitation process, as mentioned above, are time, action, chemicals and temperature, or TACT. 5.2 Chemical disinfection methods. The troubles of scarce water and safe sanitation provisions in developing countries have previously been dealt with by researchers for quite some time. Describe different kinds of cleaning agents and how they are used. Why is the prevalence of malaria and diarrhea diseases so high in the district? To assess the quality of stored household drinking water. Swelling of the small intestine and/or colon from bacteria or from ileitis/colitis can increase the haste with which food passes through the intestines, reducing the time that is available for absorbing water.

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