Ask students to answer the following questions: How does Makino Nobuaki support the Japanese argument for the inclusion of a racial equality clause? Political scientist Suisheng Zhao argues that nationalism in China is not monolithic but exists in various forms, including political, liberal, ethnical, and state nationalism. In the 19 th century, after a long period of isolationism, China and then Japan came under pressure from the West to open to foreign trade and relations. Some prominent daimyō promoted the concept of fukko (a return to the past), while others promoted ōsei (the Emperor's supreme authority). The notion of “bad” friends (notably translated as “evil” in another English translation) and what distinguishes the Japanese from the Chinese and Koreans prompted a debate among my students. Even as they borrowed both from the British experience and from each other, they adapted modernity to their own contexts and traditions, often trying to use the modern state to accelerate the process so as to ‘catch-up’ with the leading edge. ... "Meiji Conservatism" in The Cambridge History of Japan: The Nineteenth Century (vol. Other students were not sure that the racial superiority was explicit, but instead suggested that Yukichi is showing that the Japanese have to face the same choice as their neighbors. Perhaps the most interesting part of the discussion centered on the description of the Chinese and Korean peoples by Yukichi. Resentment grew in Japan as the Western nations limited its participation in the imperial process in East Asia. 1935 poster of Manchukuo promoting harmony between Japanese, Chinese, and Manchu. One student astutely recalled the situation in Palestine in particular, and we discussed the conflicting commitments of Great Britain there (Sykes–Picot Agreement, Balfour Declaration, and commitments to Arab insurgents). Although it is often thought to be very old, nationalism did not become a great determining factor in history until the end of the 18th century. Late 19th Century through 1945: Intellectual and Nationalism ... Wells, Kenneth M. "The Rationale of Korean Economic Nationalism under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1922-1932: The Case of Cho Man-sik's Products Promotion Society." Lloyd, Jim. While these are essential, also challenge them to think more broadly about nationalism and generalize these concepts to other instances of militarism. It became an example for other Asian nations and broke the myth that only Western nations were capable of modernisation. Divide students into working groups (four or five individuals) and have each group create a chart to summarize their findings. Japanese resentment toward the West and its imperial ambitions. Yet 1850 -1914 marks an era where nationalism, imperialism, and industrialization are particularly entwined. Nationalism in the nineteenth century often calls to mind scenes from German and Italian unification. Japan’s victory in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, followed by victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, were key turning points in Japan’s emergence as the strongest imperial power in the region. At a basic cultural level, Japanese fear a loss of control. religion and reflect the nature of 19th century European Nationalism as a belief-system rather than a political ideology with the latter showing more focus on socio-political issues as e.g. Japan had a tradition of production, but as industrialization began and demand for, as an example, Japanese cotton grew, new machinery was needed to keep up. Ask the groups to create: A list of the five most important features of Japanese national identity as expressed by the authors of these documents, Textual references to the sources that best support and define each of these five identified features. NICHIREN BUDDHISM AND JAPANESE NATIONALISM . Japan was forced to open itself to the West, but its people resented the concessions it was forced to give to America and other European nations. Overview. National Consortium for Teaching Asia (NCTA) Faculty Fellows, The Economic and Cultural Emergence of South Korea, The Legacy of Zheng He and the Ming Dynasty Sea Voyages, The Song Dynasty: Technology, Commerce, and Prosperity, Where Have All the Children Gone? For 250 years, Japan existed in quiet and peace under the Tokugawa Shoguns (1603-1853). The question then, is how to prevent nationalism from spiraling out of control. Chinese nationalism emerged in the late Qing dynasty (1636–1912) in response to the humiliating defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the invasion and pillaging of Beijing by Eight-Nation Alliance.In both cases, the aftermath forced China to pay financial reparations and grant special privileges to foreigners. The emperor was thought to be of god-like origin, Japanese people had an idea of exceptionalism; they wanted to build an empire in East Asia. This lesson presupposes that students are familiar with imperialism and the various abuses and atrocities that Japan committed during the period as an imperial invader, particularly in Korea. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry and his black ships arrived to Japan. Japan's Nichiren Buddhists, with a few exceptions, fell right in line with imperial nationalism and militarism. This resentment of Western Imperialism would evolve into excessive nationalism and motivate Japan to prosperity by the end of the 19th century. The stage was set for the turn to authoritarianism, and the military, particularly the army, was in the best position to offer security and hope. This gives more confidence to Japan and grows desire to spread, In the Treaty of Shimonoseki Pescadores Islands, Formosa and Liadong Peninsula were given to Japan, New trading posts and commercial treaties, Military leaders were from higher classes, which often meant that military was at the heart of the government. Speaker A: “The use of the bomb shortened the war and saved American lives.” Speaker B: “The United States might have been able to force the Japanese … to surrender simply by demonstrating the power of the bomb on a deserted island.” Speaker C: “The use of the bomb was justified because of the Japanese attack on PearlHarbor.” Nationalism in the 19th century was very similar to patriotism. What kind of “Western developments” was cultural nationalism against during the Meiji Restoration? Nationalism - Nationalism - European nationalism: The first full manifestation of modern nationalism occurred in 17th-century England, in the Puritan revolution. In India, nationalism began to encourage calls for the end of British rule. Nationalism became a significant factor in practically all Initiated with the merger of Brandenburg with East Prussia in the 16th century followed later by the incorporation of West Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia, and large portions of the Rhineland and Westphalia by the 19th century. This resentment of Western Imperialism would evolve into excessive nationalism and motivate Japan to prosperity by the end of the 19th century. To what extent have Japan’s actions supported the idea of racial equality in international affairs? Nationalism and Imperialism . This module traces this transformation from its origins in the Meiji reforms to the formal invasion of China in 1937. He was determined to establish trade between the US. The Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States had created a wide gap between them and the West, leaving the two Asian nations behind technologically and military. Japanese nationalism ... As a residue of its widespread use in propaganda during the 19th century, military nationalism in Japan was often known as bushid ō (the way of the warrior). Some students observed that Yukichi believed that there are racial differences among East Asians. Peasants/artisans were the vast majority in the society, Under the shogunate, people of Japan were all to obey the shogun, and as a result of this, they got accustomed to a culture of following the leader with no questions asked - obedience and a sense of honor grew important in the society. At first, Japan's ruler, the shogun, saw the west, especially Christianity as a threat. Japan lacked certain raw materials that were needed to fuel industrialization, such as coal. Briefly describe Japan's philosophical and religious beliefs in the late 19th century and explain their influence on Japanese … Nationalism was everywhere in the 19th century, as people all over the world carved new nation-states out of old empires. Shoguns relied on tax revenue produced from agriculture, but this money was eventually not sufficient and the markets had to be modernized and expanded. In this context, ideologues and politicians pressed ancient Japanese mythology into service to create a … Give a brief review of the Meiji Restoration period. With the selective embrace of Westernization, new economic and cultural ideas clashed with traditional Japanese and East Asian norms. This complete module with links to all materials may be downloaded as a PDF here. The USA and Britain were angered by the 21 demands, so they were motified. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kokutai.pdf: This is a link to selections from the Kokutai no Hongi (Fundamentals of Our National Polity), 1937, Asia for Educators. Although the Japanese received some financial compensation, the West largely excluded them from the process of caving up of spheres of influence in China. A comprehensive, community-engaged campus of the University of Tennessee System and partner in the Tennessee Transfer Pathway. Responses will likely address Japanese willingness to adapt to new cultures and concepts, dedication to the emperor and other national symbols, a shared and proud history, a history of military success and expansion, and importance of community and nation over individualism. England had become the leading nation in scientific spirit, in commercial enterprise, and in political thought and activity. While scholars agree that the idea of a Japanese nation was limited to a small sector of the elite before the advent of the modern age (Doak 2007: 36), these incipient threads of national/ist thinking were drawn together in the late nineteenth century and integrated into the new ideology of nationalism. What defines the Japanese, according to the document? The product of this dynamic was a nationalism that emphasized Japanese exceptionalism among the peoples of Asia and a desire among many to build an empire in East Asia along the lines of the Western powers’ empires elsewhere in Asia, Africa, and the Mideast. During the years leading up to the 1937 invasion of China and a broader entry into World War II, the Japanese government sought to crystalize a concept of Kokutai, translated to English alternately as “national polity” and “national essence.” The nationalism of the period generated a rejection of many of the same liberal democratic values the totalitarian and authoritarian regimes of Europe spurned. Have students read the short piece from the nonprofit organization Facing History and Ourselves “Exclusion and Humiliation” from their 2014 publication The Nanjing Atrocities: Crimes of War. 20th Century nationalism. Japan emerged out of the nineteenth century having suffered far fewer defeats from Western imperialism. How does the document characterize a common Japanese identity? Shintoism is reintroduced as the dominant religious ideology, Japan wanted to be equal with western countries, because they were seen as equal powers to the rising Japan, The relationship was, however, often strained and rarely lead to equal treatment, Japan wanted to include racial equality clauses in the the Charter of the League of Nations, Japanese, while themselves enforcing racist ideology, were also facing similar attitudes. Although Japan’s participation in World War I was limited, it was among the victors. The students cited the hypocrisy of the Western powers and the difficulties of giving up their empires. This document is provided by Kazumi Hasegawa, lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Washington. Shogun was a military and political leader of the country for hundreds of years. Nonetheless, students noticed the same problems they had defining an American character. The product of this dynamic was a nationalism that emphasized Japanese exceptionalism among the peoples of Asia and a desire among many to build an empire in East Asia along the lines of the Western powers’ empires elsewhere in Asia, Africa, and the Mideast. how to legitimate leadership, how to distribute resources, or how to achieve a more social balance, issues hardly addressed by Nationalism. Japanese nationalism - began in the second half of the 19th century with its first contact with the West - 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on the shores of Japan with his "Black Ships" to get Japan to open up to US demands for trade. Decides to restore order in the old, conservative ways – with KINGS. During the Russo–Japanese War (1904-1905), Japan defeated the Russians and in the Treaty of Portsmouth was granted Korea, Port Arthur, the Kwantung Peninsula, and control of railroads in Manchuria. The Century of Humiliation serves as the basis for much of China’s political rhetoric and Chinese nationalism. Japan had emerged as a dominant power in Asia and had attracted the attention of Indian sub-continental social reformers in the nineteenth century. People had lived in a society where they served their leaders loyally: this ideology continued. Nationalism “A new and aggressive nationalism, different from its predecessors, emerged in Europe at the end of the 19th century… The new nationalism engaged the fierce us/them group emotions – loyalty inwards, aggression outwards – that characterize human relations at simpler sociological levels, like the family or the tribe. This idea was strengthened after the Treaty of Portsmouth lead to other Asian countries admiring and seeing Japan as a role model. Nationalism was everywhere in the 19th century, as people all over the world carved new nation-states out of old empires. Meiji need to see japan as a "First-Class country", Triple Intervention - Germany, Russia and France forced Japan to give up Liaodong Peninsula, which was eventually taken over by Russia, This reinforced the idea that a strong military was necessary for Japan, The 1924 Immigration Act in the United States made. By Salvatore Babones | … Due to industrialisation, Japan was growing into an economic powerhouse in the East. Students should cite specific textual evidence from the piece to support each of their answers. The naval battle of Tsushima as the turning point of the war. Students should be contextually familiar with various Western interventions in Asia during the early and mid-nineteenth century, particularly the British and Chinese relationship surrounding the Opium Wars and the “American ‘opening’” Japan during the latter Tokugawa period. 19th century Nationalism & Imperialism Napoleonic Empire 1812 Congress of Vienna Austria, Russia, Prussia & England (later France) Age of Diplomacy Will govern by accord, diplomatic balance of power within Europe. Start studying Industrial revolution, nationalism, and imperialism in 19th century. One student questioned to what extent social Darwinism influenced Yukichi. Ap World Japan Dbq ... A document that would show a Japanese elementary school from the 19th century to compare it to the normal school in doc. Most students were unfamiliar with the terms “Occident” and “Occidental,” and asked about these terms. Despite its embrace of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration, the relationship between Japan and the Western powers was periodically strained and only occasionally resulted in Japan’s treatment as an equal among nations. The terms were not mutually exclusive, merging into the sonnō jōi(revere the emperor, expel the barbaria… European imperialism and jingoism, as well as American westward expansion, are contemporary democratic counterpoints to the authoritarian examples, although students may address other examples from earlier periods. A surprising number are hemmed in by the musical traditions of Europe in the 19th century, when nationalism spread across the world—Uruguay’s is the best of the bunch. Familiarity with the process of industrialization and the urbanization and modernization that accompany it will help students understand the context of the rise of militarism in Japan. The modernized Japanese military proved itself capable on many occasions, but these military successes failed to earn Japan the respect many of its people sought from the West. This rose ideas of supremacy in the population. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents. encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments harbored by the Japanese people over the last two centuries regarding their native country, its cultural nature, political form and historical destiny. This lead to a huge demand for iron and steel, Japan wanted to become more self-sufficient, so they grew industry within the country, Increasing population demanded more food and land, Meiji leaders argued that Japan would only be able to protect itself by industrializing, and materials such as coal were needed for this expansion. As 19th-century Marxists such as Friedrich Engels noted, this classical-liberal creed made it difficult to promote socialism within the United States. Japanese exceptionalism became a key component of nationalism and justified the military expansion of the empire against its Asian neighbors and engagement with the broader world in World War II. During the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the perceived threat of foreign encroachment, especially after the arrival of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and the signing of the Kanagawa Accord, led to increased prominence to the development of nationalist ideologies. Health, Education, and Professional Studies, Identity and the Rise of Nationalism in Prewar Japan, China (Ninth through Seventeenth Centuries): Commerce, Technology, and Intercultural Contacts, East Asia: Twenty-first Century Educational Practices and STEM Education. Japanese nationalism (Japanese: 国粋主義, Hepburn: Kokusui shugi) is the nationalism that asserts that the Japanese are a monolithic nation with a single immutable culture, and promotes the cultural unity of the Japanese. Pre-World War II Japan is a classic case in point. Increasing population also required more living space. encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments harbored by the Japanese people over the last two centuries regarding their native country, its cultural nature, political form and historical destiny. Japanese nationalism (Japanese: 国粋主義, Hepburn: Kokusui shugi) is the nationalism that asserts that the Japanese are a monolithic nation with a single immutable culture, and promotes the cultural unity of the Japanese. Familiarity with the features of imperialism of the Western powers and their similarity to Japanese imperialism in this period, particularly the occupation of and abuses in Korea, contextualizes the Japanese development of national character. Before the Meiji government, the Emperor was technically at the top of the society, but he held no real power. Nationalism - Nationalism - European nationalism: The first full manifestation of modern nationalism occurred in 17th-century England, in the Puritan revolution. 4) Tagore’s Critique of 20th Century Nationalism Through the Japanese Example . The reading went quickly, and there was time to explore this topic during the discussion as a result. Its existence cannot be denied. Steer the discussion toward nations that may have a much longer history than the U.S. and have more homogenous cultural, ethnic, and religious traditions, including Japan. Anglo-Japanese alliance, in 1902 ended Japan's diplomatic isolation. He was a medieval style dictator and ruled a feudal system. Ask students to read the piece and answer the questions. In the early 21st century there was a resurgence of Japanese nationalism, much of it centring on how the history of Japan in the 20th century—particularly the period before and during World War II—was to be taught. Source: Wikipedia at https://tinyurl.com/yd7w7lml. Fortunately, the notion of an ethnic state arose quickly when a student referenced Germany—both in dealing with the current immigration issues in Europe and concepts of German identity pushed by the Nazi regime. All rights reserved. Despite Japan’s adoption of many Western concepts, its attempts to find a place among equals with the Western powers were occasionally rewarded, but repeatedly frustrated. “19th century nationalism.” Before the Meiji government, China was seen as a sort of big brother to look up to when it came to ideology, philosophy and such. Have students read excerpts (pages 3–5) from the 1937 Kokutai no hongi (Fundamentals of Our National Policy) by Asia for Educators at Columbia University. "Nationalism 19Th Century" Essays and Research Papers . Meiji restoration begins, The Meiji established a limited democracy. The events that led to the downfall of the Tokugawa, the success of the Meiji Restoration, and the moves toward Westernization presented by the Meiji reformers (eg, the Iwakura Mission) set the stage for this module. When I asked students to look at other nations, elements of national character came quickly, and I had to be cautious, as some were offensive stereotypes. Hand out the primary source reading, “On Leaving Asia (Datsu-A Ron)” by Fukuzawa Yukichi, and hand out or display the focus task and questions in the next paragraph. Westernization and Japanese identity: “On Leaving Asia”. Called the Chinese weak "monkeys" and spread other racist ideology. Some countries, such as the Netherlands and England, seem to have had a clear national identity well before the 19th century. Japan was forced to open itself to the West, but its people resented the concessions it was forced to give to America and other European nations. The gain of new land as well as the frustration from losing some strengthened their view of needing strong military forces to be successful and be able to defend themselves against western powers and Russia, Beliefs of national unity and patriotism were reinforced by the Meiji government. The invasion of Manchuria and associated campaigns emboldened the leadership and provided the resources necessary to move the nation in what appeared to be a positive direction to a hopeful public. Although they clung to power for another decade, this was really the end of the Qing Dynasty. As for the inclusion of non-Japanese elements adopted by Japan, students emphasized that ideas from China and India had many centuries to be adapted to the Japanese character, rather than mere decades. 2 would help in comparison of the documents. in the nineteenth century. After completing their lists, have students answer these summary questions: (1) Why does the author believe that Japan must embark on a program of de-Asianization? In both Europe and the United States, Japanese and other East Asian migrants faced significant discrimination. W.26— “Analyze Japan’s abandonment of isolationism, its embrace of technological and political changes, and its consequent rise as an imperial power in the late 19th century.”, W.43—“Analyze the role of geographic features and natural resources in increasing tensions prior to and during World War II.,” and W.44—“Compare the Italian, German, and Japanese efforts to expand their empires in the 1930s, including: the invasion of Ethiopia, German militarism, and atrocities in China.”. A series of wars took place during this period, and finally, the First World War took place. The civilian government’s inability to offer meaningful solutions mirrored the difficulties faced by civilian governments in the Western democracies as well. Appearing sporadically in the 19th century, the ideas of popular, liberal nationalism flourished in the course of the 1905-11 Constitutional Revolution (q.v. In the early 20th century, Japan wanted to expand in Korea and Manchuria, since there was rich agriculture, which meant more resources. from the West, datsu-A nyu-O, or *“out of Asia, into Europe," ideology enforced the idea that Japan was above Asia and they wanted to claim a place in the West. Similar to Perry’s significance in Edo in 1894, the First Anglo-Chinese War (1839-1842) was a significant introduction of Western moral realism and imperialist influence in China. The contrast between “Western” civilization and non-Western civilization is a focus in most world history courses, particularly following coverage of the Industrial Revolution and imperialism. Nationalism in the 19th century was not a uniquely European phenomenon, however, and so along with European examples, I'd also like to share some examples of Japanese nationalism, which often took the form of an air of superiority towards their powerful neighbors, the Chinese. Because of nationalism, most of the Western societies managed to promote reforms that appeal to all social classes. To establish a framework for understanding the concept of a national character, explore the question of nationality with students. Evaluate the attitude of Fukuzawa Yukichi and other Meiji reformers toward Western imperial powers and methods, and ascertain the place they envisioned for Japan among world powers at the conclusion of the nineteenth century. As we all know, modern states began to take on an increasingly nationalistic character in the wake of the French Revolution, especially in the nineteenth century.